theIAShub | 24 Jul, 2025 | 4076 | 0 |
UPSC Mains 2025 is scheduled to commence from 22 August 2025 to 31 August. UPSC mains is one of most toughest phases in UPSC examination, so it is important to study smartly combined with hard work. Here we have provided the most important topic for UPSC mains 2025 to help aspirants.
Also Read Time Table for UPSC Mains 2025
Most important topics for UPSC mains 2025 are crucial to cover the entire syllabus smartly in less time, but strategically, here we have given a comprehensive list of the most important topic for UPSC mains 2025:
|
Caste Census |
Fiscal Federalism |
| Reservation, Sub-classification of Scheduled Caste, Domicile-based Reservation | Demand for New States |
| Citizenship, Section 6A of the Citizenship Act | Office of the Governor, Assent to State Bills |
| Uniform Civil Code (UCC) | Decline in Parliamentary Productivity |
| Separation of Powers | Anti-Defection Law |
| Internal Emergency | Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha |
| Property Rights in India | Representation of Women in Legislature |
| Comparison of the US Constitution and Presidential Election with the Indian President and France. | Fiscal Federalism |
| Demand for New States | Demand for New States |
| Office of Governor, Assent to State Bills | Office of the Governor, Assent to State Bills |
| Decline in Parliamentary Productivity | Decline in Parliamentary Productivity |
| Anti-Defection Law | Anti-Defection Law |
| Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha | Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha |
| Representation of Women in Legislature | Representation of Women in Legislature |
| Private Members’ Bill | Private Members’ Bill |
| Criminal Law Reform Act. | Criminal Law Reform Act. |
| Gram Nyayalayas, Tribunals in India, Alternate Dispute Resolution | Free Legal Aid, Prison Reforms |
| Draft Arbitration and Conciliation(Amendment) Bill, 2024, | Article 142 |
| Electoral Reform | Artificial Intelligence (AI), AI Governance, AI and Healthcare, AI and Agriculture |
| Internal Democracy in Political Parties, Criminalisation of Politics | Deepfakes |
| Election Commission of India (ECI)
State Election Commission (SEC), Delimitation Commission, AI in Election Campaign. |
Internet of Things (IOT), |
| Mission Karmayogi
Lateral Entry in Civil Service, Governance and AI, E-Governance |
Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs), Organ-on-chip (OoC) Technology, |
| Regulating Big Tech
Net Neutrality |
Blockchain Technology |
| Lokpal and Lokayukta, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), National Commission for Women (NCW) | Big Data1 Supercomputers 3-D Printing Technology, 4D printing |
| Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act,
Cooperatives, Minority Institution. |
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) |
| Cooperatives Right to Information (RTI) Act, | Genome Sequencing, Gene Editing, RNA Editing, Recombinant Proteins (RPs) |
| Aditya Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) Satellites, Outer Space Governance, | Nanotech and Agriculture, Nanotech and Healthcare, Nanotech and Defence. |
| Satellite Internet Services NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) | Privatisation in the Indian Space Sector. Axiom-4 Mission Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), Space Docking Experiment |
| Space Exploration and Observatories, Ladakh as Observatory Hub, Black Holes, Geomagnetic Storms. Meteorite, | Third Launch Pad |
| Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) | Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), Tuberculosis (TB), Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), and Rare Diseases. |
| Zoonotic Diseases. Drug Quality in India, Fixed Dose Combination Drugs | Nuclear Energy in India |
| Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy, Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT), | Engine Technology in the Space Sector. Scramjet Engine E20 Cryogenic Engine |
Also Read Mahatma Gandhi UPSC
In UPSC mains examination, there are four general studies papers, each of 250 marks. Here, we have given the UPSC paper-wise important topics for UPSC mains 2025
| General Studies Paper 1 | Nagara style of Temple Architecture and its forms | Swadeshi Movement (1905-08) |
| Sufi and Bhakti movements | Revolutionary Nationalists | |
| Rock-Cut Architecture from Mauryan Caves to Pallava Rathas | Civil Disobedience Movement | |
| classical dance | Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army (INA) | |
| Cabinet Mission (1946) | Role of peasants and workers’ organisations in the freedom struggle | |
| Contribution of women in the freedom struggle | Uniform Civil Code (UCC) | |
| Impact of social media on Indian society | Regionalism | |
| Self-Help Groups (SHGs) | Secularism | |
| Effects of Globalisation | Caste system in india | |
| Communalism | El Niño/La Niña Southern Oscillation (ENSO) | |
| Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) | Urban Flooding | |
| Virtual Water Trade’ | Coral bleaching | |
| Plate Tectonics | concept of planetary boundaries | |
| General Studies Paper 2 | Caste Census | Gram Nyayalayas, Tribunals in India, Alternate Dispute Resolution |
| Reservation, Sub-classification of Scheduled Caste, Domicile-based Reservation | Draft Arbitration and Conciliation(Amendment) Bill, 2024, | |
| Citizenship, Section 6A of Citizenship Act | Electoral Reform | |
| Uniform Civil Code (UCC) | Internal Democracy in Political Parties, Criminalisation of Politics | |
| Separation of Powers | Election Commission of India (ECI)
State Election Commission (SEC), Delimitation Commission, AI in Election Campaign. |
|
| Internal Emergency | Mission Karmayogi
Lateral Entry in Civil Service, Governance and AI, E-Governance |
|
| Property Rights in India | Regulating Big Tech
Net Neutrality |
|
| Comparison of the US Constitution and Presidential Election with the Indian President and France. | Lokpal and Lokayukta, Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), National Commission for Women (NCW) | |
| Fiscal Federalism | Waqf (Amendment) Act, 2025.Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act,
Cooperatives, Minority Institution. |
|
| Demand for New States | Cooperatives Right to Information (RTI) Act, | |
| Office of Governor, Assent to State Bills | Trans-fat Elimination, | |
| Decline in Parliamentary Productivity | Decline in Parliamentary Productivity | |
| Anti-Defection Law | Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha | |
| Representation of Women in Legislature | Private Members’ Bill | |
| Criminal Law Reform Act. | Free Legal Aid, Prison Reforms | |
| Article 142 |
Also Read Civil Disobedience Movements
| General Studies Paper 3 | Artificial Intelligence (AI), AI Governance, AI and Healthcare, AI and Agriculture | Aditya Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) Satellites, Outer Space Governance, |
| Deepfakes | Satellite Internet Services NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation) | |
| Internet of Things (IOT), | Space Exploration and Observatories, Ladakh as Observatory Hub, Black Holes, Geomagnetic Storms. Meteorite, | |
| Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs), Organ-on-chip (OoC) Technology, | Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) | |
| Blockchain Technology | Zoonotic Diseases. Drug Quality in India, Fixed Dose Combination Drugs | |
| Big Data1 Supercomputers 3-D Printing Technology, 4D printing | Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-Cell Therapy, Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT), | |
| Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) | Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD), Tuberculosis (TB), Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), Rare Diseases. | |
| Genome Sequencing, Gene Editing, RNA Editing, Recombinant Proteins (RPs) | Nuclear Energy in India | |
| Nanotech and Agriculture, Nanotech and Healthcare, Nanotech and Defence. | Hyperloop Technology, Desalination Technologies, | |
| Privatisation in the Indian Space Sector. Axiom-4 Mission Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS), Space Docking Experiment | Sodium-Ion Batter | |
| Third Launch Pad | Engine Technology in Space Sector. Scramjet Engine E20 Cryogenic Engine | |
| Inclusive Growth | Rural Development, Rural Industrialisation, Role of Technology in Rural Growth | |
| India’s Poverty Measurement Framework, Urban Poverty, | Land Reform, Digitisation of Land Records | |
| 10 Years of PMJDY, 50 Years of Microfinance | Unemployment, Gig Economy | |
| Northeast as ‘Frontrunner of Growth’ | Angel Tax, Long-Term Capital Gains (LTCG), Equalisation Levy, GST | |
| Inequality, Economic Inequality in India, Regional Disparity in Development. | Liquidity Deficit | |
| Revised Priority Sector Lending Norms | Prime Minister Dhan Dhaanya Krishi Yojana, Digital Agriculture Mission, Agriculture Export, Makhana, National Mission on Edible Oils – Oilseeds
(NMEO – Oilseeds)Agriculture Marketing, Agriculture Extension System |
|
| One State, One RRB, Cooperative Bank.Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), Central Bank Digital Currency. | Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of India, Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), UN Global Tax Treaty, Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement(DTAA) | |
| Internationalisation of UPI, Cross-Border Payments | Remittances to India, Rupee Depreciation, India and World Trade Organisation | |
| India’s Dairy Cooperative Sector, Horticulture Sector in India, Fisheries Sector, Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs), Food Processing Sector, Make in India, National Industrial Corridor Development | Railway Reforms, Indian Railways Safety, National Waterways (Construction of
Jetties/Terminals) Regulations, 2025, Transhipment Port, |
|
| Programme, Semiconductor, Technical Textiles, India’s Digital Economy, Tourism, Space Economy, Insurance, Public-Private Partnership (PPP) | National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM), Coal Sector, Steel Sector, Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), | |
| General Studies Paper 4 (Ethics: Most Important Topic for UPSC Mains 2025) | Honesty | Impartiality and Non-partisanship |
| Integrity | Attitude, | |
| Probity | Social Influence and Persuasion | |
| Accountability | Emotional Intelligence | |
| Empathy | Ethics of Artificial Intelligence | |
| Tolerance | Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights | |
| Selflessness | Media Ethics and Self-Regulation | |
| Justice | Labour Ethics and Long Work Hours | |
| Objectivity | Ethics of War | |
| Leadership | Ethics in Sports | |
| Dedication to Public Service | Ethics and Climate Change, Cognitive Dissonance |
Are you preparing for UPSC 2026? Join IAShub’s UPSC coaching batches to boost your preparation. Enrol now!
Use the 80/20 rule: focus on 20% of topics (e.g., polity, economy, environment, modern history, current affairs) that account for 80% of questions.
Current affairs are crucial for all GS papers and the Essay paper, especially in GS II and III (governance, economy, environment). Cover 12 months of current affairs.
Practice writing essays on diverse topics (philosophical, socio-economic, cultural). Structure essays with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. Use quotes, data, and real-world examples to enrich content.
Use NCERTs (Class 6-12) for static topics, standard books like Ram Ahuja’s Indian Society for GS I, Ravi Agrahari’s Science and Technology for GS III, and government reports (PIB, PRS India).
Refine your answer writing skills and elevate your UPSC preparation with personalized support and expert feedback.
Fill out the form to get started with the program or any other enquiries !
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