Recently, a 500 kg metal object fell in Kenya, believed to be a separation ring from a space-bound rocket.
o Risks: Objects in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) travel at 27,000 kph, posing a severe risk to satellites. Even centimetre-sized fragments can be fatal in collisions.
o Sources: All space junk originates from objects launched from Earth and remains in orbit until it re-enters the atmosphere.
o Debris-Free Space Missions: India aims for debris-free space missions by all governmental and non-governmental actors by 2030.
o Liability Concerns: The 1972 Liability Convention covers space objects, but legal disputes arise over whether debris qualifies as a space object.
o Outer Space Treaty 1967: Article VI states that states are responsible for all national space activities, whether by government or private entities.
o Absolute Liability: The 1972 Convention imposes absolute liability on launching states for damage caused by space objects on Earth, without requiring proof of negligence.
o Objective: To achieve zero space debris by 2030 and ensure the sustainability of space activities.
o Global Collaboration: The first international initiative uniting space actors for debris mitigation.
o Non-Legally Binding: Encourages voluntary compliance but lacks legal enforcement.
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The UPSC Civil Services Exam has three parts:
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