Mahatma Jyotiba Phule

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Mahatma Jyotiba Phule: April 11 marks the birth anniversary of Mahatma Jyotiba Phule (1827–1890), a pioneering social reformer, educationist, and anti-caste activist, whose legacy continues to inspire social justice movements in India.

  • About Mahatma Jyotiba Phule: Born on April 11, 1827, in the Mali caste, a community traditionally engaged in gardening and floristry.

o Influenced by Thomas Paine’s Age of Reason that critiqued Christian orthodoxy, which Phule related to Hindu orthodoxy.

  • Education Initiatives: In 1848, Phule and his wife Savitribai co-founded India’s first school for girls. They opened 18 more schools in the next three years. By 1855, started night schools in Pune for workers, farmers, and working women.
  • Opposition to Orthodoxy: Opposed Vishnu Shashtri Chiplunkar and later his protégé Bal Gangadhar Tilak.

o Supported working with the British government for upliftment of Dalits and women.

o Bailed out Tilak and Gopal Ganesh Agarkar from Dongri Jail despite ideological differences.

  • Satyashodhak Samaj: Founded in September 1873 as an alternative to upper-caste dominated reform movements like Brahmo Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, and Arya Samaj.
  • Gulamgiri (Slavery): Compared caste-based oppression in India with American slavery.
  • Satsar (The Essence of Truth): Defended Pandita Ramabai’s right to convert to Christianity.

o Text is a dialogue between a Brahman and a Shudra that challenges Brahmanical hegemony.

  • Shetkaryanche Asud (Farmer’s Whip): Advocated educating farmers, use of machines, and secular alternatives to cow slaughter.
  • Sarvajanik Satya Dharma Pustak: Rejected all scriptures as interpolated, leading to sectarianism.
  • Legacy: Phule’s lifelong battle against caste, superstition, and gender injustice continues to inspire modern radical thought and action.


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