Madden-Julian Oscillation: Recently, Mumbai’s monsoon arrived two weeks early in 2025, causing heavy rain, waterlogging, traffic jams, and train delays, making it the wettest May in over 107 years.
o The Madden-Julian Oscillation has emerged as the key factor behind these unprecedented heavy rains.
o Characteristics: Represents a disturbance in clouds, wind, and pressure.
ü Moves eastward at 4-8 meters per second.
ü Completes a global circuit roughly every 30-60 days, sometimes taking up to 90 days.
ü Most prominent over the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
o Effect on Weather: As the MJO moves, it often divides the Earth into two halves:
ü One experiencing the active (enhanced rainfall or convective) phase.
ü The other in the suppressed rainfall phase.
o Impact on Indian Monsoon: The MJO cycle has eight phases.
ü When the MJO is over the Indian Ocean during monsoon season, it enhances rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
ü If the MJO lingers longer over the Pacific Ocean, it tends to cause poor monsoon rainfall in India.
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