Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO): The Department of Posts has released a special commemorative postage stamp to mark the 125th anniversary of the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO).
o Situated on the southern tip of the Palani Hills in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu.
o Established: In 1899, by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics.
o Set up to study the link between solar activity and the Indian monsoon.
o Triggered by the Great Drought of 1875–1877, which caused massive famine and deaths across India and other countries.
o The Famine Commission suggested creating a solar observatory for systematic solar monitoring.
o Site Selection: Kodaikanal was chosen for its clear skies, low humidity, and minimal fog—ideal for solar observations.
o Scientific Contribution: In January 1909, the Evershed Effect (radial gas flow in sunspot penumbrae) was discovered here—an important solar physics breakthrough.
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