Khilafat Movements 1919–1922: Unity Against Colonial Rule

Explore the causes, ideology, leaders, and impacts of the Khilafat Movements (1919–1922).

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The Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement, despite having different issues, adopted a unified plan of action of non-violence and non-cooperation during 1919-22.

Causes Behind the Khilafat Movement

  • Government Hostilities: The Rowlatt Act, martial law in Punjab, and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre exposed the brutal and uncivilized face of foreign rule. 
  • Discontented Indians: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms with their ill-conceived scheme of Dyarchy failed to satisfy the rising demand of the Indians for self-government.
  • Post-war Economic Hardships: Rise in prices of commodities, high taxes, etc. strengthened the anti-British attitude.

Khilafat Movement Issues (1919-1924)

  • Ideology behind: The whole movement was based on the Muslim belief that the Caliph (the Sultan of Turkey) was the religious head of the Muslims all over the world.
  • Causes: The Muslims in India were upset over the British attitude against Turkey and launched the Khilafat Movement.
  • Prominent leaders involved: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, M.A. Ansari and the Ali brothers.
  • Subsequently, the Khilafat Movement merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920.

Impact and Decline of Khilafat Movement in India

IMPACTS

LIMITATIONS

  • Strengthening of Congress-Muslim League Alliance.
  • Mobilized a large section of the Indian Muslim population for political activism.
  • Promotion of Non-Cooperation: Integrated into the broader Non-Cooperation Movement led by Mahatma Gandhi.
  • Rise of Leaders: Brought leaders like Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Muhammad Ali Jinnah to prominence.
  • Cultural Revival: Sparked a cultural revival and an emphasis on Islamic identity and heritage.
  • Religious Basis: The religious foundation limited its appeal to non-Muslims.
  • Failure of Goals: The primary objective of preserving the Ottoman Caliphate was not achieved.
  • British Repression: Faced strong repression from the British authorities, leading to arrests and crackdowns.
  • Decline Post-1922: Lost momentum after the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924 by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
  • Sectarian Tensions: Increased sectarian tensions in some areas, impacting Hindu-Muslim unity.


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