PARAMETERS

KHILAFAT MOVEMENT

NON-COOPERATION MOVEMENT (NCM)

CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (CDM)

Causes for Emergence

Dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Sèvres, which dismembered the Ottoman Empire.

Reaction to the Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, and dissatisfaction with the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms.

The failure of the Simon Commission and subsequent Round Table Conferences to offer substantial constitutional reforms; imposition of the salt tax and economic hardships.

Leaders Associated

Ali Brothers (Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Mahatma Gandhi, Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Rai

Mahatma Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu, B.R. Ambedkar (Poona Pact negotiation), Vallabhbhai Patel

Role of Mahatma

Gandhi

Supported the movement to foster Hindu-Muslim unity and press the British for concessions.

Central figure, strategized and led the movement advocating for Swaraj and boycott of British institutions and goods.

Key leader, initiated the Salt March, negotiated with the British (Gandhi-Irwin Pact), and led the movement for complete independence.

Various Events/Incidents

Formation of the All-India Khilafat Committee, Non-cooperation with the British.

Boycott of British goods, educational institutions, and courts; return of British honors; Swaraj was declared the goal.

Salt March, Dandi, breaking the salt laws, boycott of foreign goods, refusal to pay taxes, widespread arrests, and protests.

Section of Population Participated

Predominantly Muslims, with significant support from Hindus to promote unity.

Cross-section of Indian society including students, teachers, peasants, workers, and the middle class.

Broad participation, including peasants, workers, women, and a significant number of the urban and rural poor.

Hindu-Muslim Angle

Aimed at Hindu-Muslim unity by addressing a Muslim cause.

Achieved significant Hindu-Muslim unity, although it began to wane towards the end.

Hindu-Muslim unity was less pronounced due to rising communal tensions and separate electoral demands by Muslims.

Movement Included Which Type of Boycotts?

Boycott of British goods and institutions was endorsed as part of the wider non-cooperation movement.

Comprehensive boycott of British goods, services, institutions, and schools; included non-payment of taxes.

Focused on the boycott of the salt tax, foreign goods, refusal to pay taxes, and violation of forest laws in some areas.

Significance

Fostered short-lived Hindu-Muslim unity, increased political awareness among Muslims.

Marked a significant escalation in the Indian independence struggle; mass participation and the concept of Swaraj gained prominence.

Demonstrated the power of nonviolent civil disobedience, brought the issue of Indian independence to international attention, and led to the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.

Impact

Contributed to the collapse of Hindu-Muslim unity after the movement's decline.

Energized the national movement, laid the groundwork for future mass movements, though it was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident.

Led to the Government of India Act 1935; increased divisions on communal lines but also paved the way for the Quit India Movement.

British Suppression/Decline

Suppressed by the British; decline after the abolition of the Caliphate.

Severely repressed by the British; ended after the Chauri Chaura incident led Gandhi to call off the movement.

Intense government repression; ended with Gandhi's withdrawal of the movement and subsequent negotiations in the Second Round Table Conference.