Art & Culture And Modern History - (Mains Marks Booster)

The 1857 revolt was a watershed moment in Indian history. It emerged as a spontaneous uprising against various grievances and injustices inflicted by the British East India Company.

Nationalism emerged in 19th-century British India both in emulation of and as a reaction against the consolidation of British rule and the spread of Western civilization.

The partition of Bengal in 1905 stands as a watershed moment in India's fight against colonial rule, symbolizing the spirit of resilience, unity, and the unyielding pursuit of freedom. It was announced by Lord Curzon, the viceroy of India at the time, on July 20th, 1905, and went into effect on October 16th, 1905, only to be reversed six years later.

The Government of India Act 1919 represents an important milestone in the constitutional progress of India under colonial rule.

The Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation movement, despite having different issues, adopted a unified plan of action of non-violence and non-cooperation during 1919-22.

The 1920s and 1930s marked a significant period in Indian history. Indians participated actively in the national movement. And India saw the emergence of new forces including youth and trade unionism.

During World War I and World War II, India's national movement experienced significant developments and played a crucial role in the country's struggle for independence from British colonial rule. 

Introduction:

The language issue in India has been a divisive and challenging issue. Linguistic diversity posed challenges for national consolidation with the debate over the union's official language, and states' linguistic reorganisation.

Radhakrishnan Commission (1948–49)

The commission investigated university education throughout the nation. The main suggestions were these.

The Ancient India encompassed a large area which incorporated present Pakistan, Afghanistan, Burma and parts of Indo-China. It was flanked by the Himalayas on the North-East, the Hindukush on the North-West and the Arabian sea, Indian ocean and the Bay of Bengal around the peninsula.

In the early villages of Mehrgarh, pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BCE– 1500 BCE) has been found. In India, this cultural art form is being actively practised today. In the study of culture and the reconstruction of the past, pottery is important.

Classical Dances

Indian classical dancing emerged in India around 200 BCE, characterized by its joyful and celebratory nature. It often serves as a form of devotion to Hindu deities, with performances intricately choreographed to depict historical events and mythological tales. The various forms of Indian classical dance are known for their energetic movements, expressive gestures, and spiritual significance.

Music is the soul of any culture, and India boasts a rich history of innovative music. According to legend, Narada Muni introduced music to the world. Evidence of a seven-holed flute from the Indus Valley Civilization signifies its ancient presence. The Sama Veda and Gandharva Veda, further emphasize music's spiritual significance and scientific aspects.