theIASHub | 05 Mar, 2025 | 5
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As per the Union Health Minister, India has achieved the National Health Policy (NHP) target of MMR of 100 deaths per 1 lakh live births, between 1990 - 2020, India’s MMR declined by 83%, much higher than the global decline.
oUnder-5 Mortality Rate saw a 75% reduction, surpassing the global decline of 58%.
o Total Fertility Rate (TFR) reduced from 3.4 (1992-93) to 2.0 (2019-21); 31 states achieved replacement level fertility (NFHS-5).
o Out-of-pocket health expenditure declined from 69.4% (2004-05) to 39.4% (2021-22), while government health expenditure increased to 48% of THE.
o Health Human Resources under NHM increased from 23,000 (2006-07) to 5.23 lakh (2023-24).
o Established under NRHM (2005), later subsumed into NHM.
o Provides broad policy direction and governance for NHM.
o Fully empowered to approve financial norms & advise the Empowered Programme Committee (EPC).
o This was the 9th NHM MSG meeting, last held on January 11, 2023.
The MSG is the highest policy-making body under National Health Mission (NHM), guiding policy direction and governance in the health sectorIn the 19th century, Alfred Russel Wallace noticed a shift in the composition of organisms between Asia and Australia.
o The line acted as a biogeographic boundary, explaining the separate greatness of both continents' biodiversity.
o The Malay Archipelago is geologically complex, with over 25,000 islands.
o Wallace proposed that some islands were once connected to Asia and later drifted apart, isolating species.
o Over millions of years, Australia moved northward, forming Indonesia’s volcanic islands.
o Sea-level changes, monsoons, and aridity influenced species’ adaptation and diversification.
o Australian species, adapted to cooler climates, struggled to migrate to Asia.
Northern route (rainforest-rich) helped Asian species migrate, whereas southern route (via Timor) was challenging for Australian species
The IMF report titled “India Financial System Stability Assessment” highlighted stress in the NBFC sector due to overexposure to power and infrastructure loans and interconnectedness with other markets.
o 63% of power sector loans were from the three largest Infrastructure Financing Companies (NBFCs) in fiscal 2024, up from 55% in 2019-20.
o State-owned NBFCs like IREDA face higher risks.
o In case of stagflation, Public Sector Banks (PSBs) may struggle to maintain a Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) of 9%, the minimum required by RBI for Scheduled Commercial Banks.
o The IMF recommends that PSBs should strengthen their capital base by retaining earnings instead of paying dividends to the government.
o Publishes reports like World Economic Outlook, Global Financial Stability Report, and Financial System Stability Assessment.
o Functions: Provides financial assistance, policy advice, and economic surveillance to member countries.
The Centre has recently approved the upgradation of Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) and Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) as the 25th and 26th Navratna companies.
o Navratnas are central government-owned CPSEs, positioned between Maharatnas and Miniratnas, based on financial performance and autonomy.
o Miniratnas are divided into Category I and Category II, with lower autonomy than Navratnas.
o The Department of Public Enterprises (DPE) under the Ministry of Finance grants Navratna status to eligible CPSEs.
o Must have an ‘Excellent’ or ‘Very Good’ rating in three of the last five MOUs.
o Must score 60 or more based on six parameters: Net Profit to Net Worth – 25% → Manpower Cost to Cost of Production/Services – 15% → PBDIT to Capital Employed – 15% → PBDIT to Turnover – 15% → Earnings Per Share (EPS) – 10% → Inter-Sectoral Performance – 20%.
o Miniratna Category-I: Profitable for three consecutive years, pre-tax profit of ₹30 crore or more in at least one of these years, must have a positive net worth.
o Miniratna Category-II: Profitable for three consecutive years, must have a positive net worth.
o Cyclones form over warm ocean waters and are fuelled by moist air rising.
o Conditions for cyclone formation:
ü Latitude: 5 degrees of latitude away from the Equator and very few occur near the Equator.
ü Temperature of the Sea Surface: 27 °C or warmer.
ü Pre-existing weak low-pressure area
ü Upper divergence above the sea level system
ü Presence of Coriolis Force:
ü Small Variation in the Vertical Wind Speed Etc.
Farm exports have posted above-average growth, with basmati rice, spices, coffee, and tobacco exports expected to reach new highs in 2024-25.
o India is traditionally a net exporter of agricultural commodities, meaning its outward shipments have been consistently higher than imports.
o Sugar exports halved due to government restrictions.
o Rice exports continue to grow, with non-basmati exports stabilizing and basmati rice set to reach a new record.
o Spices, coffee, and tobacco exports are benefiting from supply shortages in Brazil, Vietnam, and Zimbabwe.
Dantewada district in Chhattisgarh is gearing up to transition fully to organic farming.
o Jeevamrit, an organic fertilizer made from cow dung, urine, jaggery, gram flour, and soil, is widely used. Farmers like Rita Modiyam from Masoodi village have increased productivity using Jeevamrit.
o Mocho Badi scheme, supported by NMDC, provided fencing, solar pumps, and tools, increasing farmers' incomes by 600%.
Prime Minister has recently chaired the 7th meeting of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) at Gir National Park, Gujarat.
o First-ever riverine dolphin estimation report released, estimating 6,327 dolphins across 28 rivers in eight states. 16th Asiatic Lion Population Estimation to be conducted in 2025.
o National Referral Centre for Wildlife foundation stone laid in Junagadh. Centre of Excellence at SACON, Coimbatore for managing human-wildlife conflict.
o Expansion of Cheetah introduction to Gandhisagar Sanctuary (MP) and Banni Grasslands (Gujarat). New Project for Gharials announced for their conservation. National Great Indian Bustard Conservation Action Plan initiated.
o Tiger Conservation outside Tiger Reserves to address human-tiger conflicts.
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