theIASHub | 27 Mar, 2025 | 5
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National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC): Recently, the Vice President stated that judicial appointments would differ if the Supreme Court hadn't struck down the NJAC Act, in 2015.
o SC interpreted Articles 124(2) and 217(1) to give the judiciary primacy in judicial appointments.
o The SC collegium consists of the CJI and four senior-most judges.
o The HC collegium consists of the CJI and two senior-most judges of that court.
Five Eyes Alliance: U.S. President Donald Trump's foreign policy is affecting U.S. soft power, including the Five Eyes Alliance.
o This secret agreement allows the intelligence agencies of these five nations to spy on the world.
o Established after World War II, the countries in the grouping regularly share intelligence and coordinate their security efforts to protect their national interests.
o Founded: In 1941 through ‘Atlantic Charter’.
Public Accounts Committee (PAC): Recently, the Parliamentary Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has raised concerns about issues faced by MSMEs and exporters under the GST regime.
oEnsures money sanctioned by Parliament is spent properly.
oInvestigates financial irregularities, losses, and inefficiencies in government spending.
o Chairperson: A Lok Sabha MP, traditionally from the Opposition.
o Term: One year.
o Ministers cannot be members of the PAC.
Financial Action Task Force (FATF): RBI Governor urged a balanced approach to anti-terror financing (FATF), cautioning against measures that could stifle investments and financial inclusion, while emphasizing stakeholder cooperation.
o Promotes AML/CFT standards and monitors compliance among member nations.
o Publishes reports on new money laundering, terror financing & proliferation financing
o-techniques. Holds non-compliant countries accountable by imposing monitoring and sanctions.
o Grey List: Countries flagged for insufficient AML/CFT measures, serving as a warning before blacklisting.
o Economic & financial restrictions, including sanctions and international trade limitations.
Majorana 1: Recently, Microsoft announced a new quantum computing chip called Majorana 1, claiming it could enable industrial-scale quantum computing within years, not decades.
o Named Majorana 1 because it consists of Majorana particles, a unique type of subatomic particle.
o Majorana particles are their own anti-particles, unlike other fermions where particles and anti-particles are distinct (e.g., electron vs. positron).
o If two Majorana particles meet, they annihilate each other in a flash of energy.
o A major open question in physics is whether neutrinos are also Majorana particles.
o Neutron → Proton: Emits electron and anti-neutrino.
o Proton → Neutron: Emits positron and neutrino.
o A third type, double beta decay, occurs when two neutrons simultaneously convert to two protons, emitting two electrons and two anti-neutrinos.
Martian Dust: A new study highlights the health risks of Martian dust for astronauts on future Mars missions.
o Radiation exposure on Mars may increase lung disease risks.
o Perchlorates can affect thyroid function.
India BioEconomy Report 2024: The Report released by the Department of Biotechnology, estimates India’s bioeconomy value at over $165 billion, contributing 4.2% of GDP.
o Industrial sector (~$78 billion): Major contributor, including biofuels & bioplastics.
o Pharmaceutical sector (35% of total value): Vaccines were key contributors.
o Fastest-growing segment (2024): Research & IT (biotech software, clinical trials, bioinformatics)
o Eastern & Northeastern regions contributed less than 6%.
o Applications: Traditionally used in healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
ü Now expanding to biofuels, bioplastics, construction materials, medicines, and chemicals.
ü Example: Ethanol production (fermentation of sugarcane/corn as a biological fuel alternative).
o Increasing role in precision biotherapeutics, climate-resilient agriculture, and marine/space biotechnology.
o Key Focus Areas: Bio-based chemicals, enzymes, functional foods, climate-resilient agriculture.
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