Context: World Bank halted its annual publication, ‘Doing Business’ report, as it detected irregularities of data for a few countries. World Bank also decided to audit the ‘Doing Business’ report for the last five years
Significance of the Rankings on Indian Policies
- Means to attract investment for ‘Make In India’:
- Aimed at raising the manufacturing sector’s share in GDP to 25% (from 16-17%) and creating 100 million additional jobs in the manufacturing sector by 2022.
- Commitment to “Minimum Government & Maximum Governance”: celebrated through improved ranking to 63rd rank in 2019, up from the 142nd position in 2014.
General Challenges to the Index Framework
- Doubt over credibility: Improvement in India’s ranking was almost entirely due to methodological changes impacting the credibility of the rankings.
- Biased Approach: Chile’s former President (201418), Michelle Bachelet, accused the World Bank of manipulating the ease of doing business index methodology to show her presidency in poor light.
- While India’s ranking improves between 2014-2019, Chile’s global rank went down sharply from 34th in 2014 to 67th in 2017.
- Based on new methodologies, it was found that the condition was not too bad for Chile during the concerned period.
- No evidence on the ground:
- The share of the manufacturing sector has stagnated at around 1617% of GDP, and 3.5 million jobs were lost between 201112 and 201718.
- The annual GDP growth rate in manufacturing fell from 13.1% in 201516 to zero in 201920, as per the National Accounts Statistics.
- India’s import dependence on China has shot up, compelling the Prime Minister to announce — Atmanirbhar Bharat.
- Russia’s ease of doing business rank jumped from 120 in 2012 to 20 in 2018, taking Russia ahead of China, Brazil, and India, but without attracting investments.
- Safety Standards are often compromised to meet the ease of doing business standards:
- For E.g. In 2016, the Maharashtra government abolished the annual mandatory inspection of steam boilers.
- Instead of this, “third party” inspection and employers’ self-certification are mandated which the factories failed to comply with.
Issues with the Design and Implementation of the Index
- Flaws in the methodologies
- The Indicators used for the index are de jure (as per the statute), not de facto (in reality).
- Non-inclusive: Data obtained from larger enterprises in two cities, Mumbai and Delhi, by lawyers, accountants and brokers
- Reliability and Objectivity under scanner: The Independent Evaluation Group, in its 2013 report, has questioned the reliability and Objectivity of the index.
- No Correlation with the Enterprise Survey: There is no correlation between the rankings obtained from the ease of doing business and the enterprise surveys.
- Flawed Theoretical Underpinnings: The index is overly based in simplification, suggesting minimally regulated markets for labour and capital to have superior outcomes in output and employment.
- On the contrary, economic history shows rich variations in performance across countries and policy regimes, defying simplistic generalizations that lead to ease of doing business.
Way Forward: Time for a rethink
- World Bank: Should rethink its institutional investment in producing the ‘Doing Business’ report.
- India: should do some soul searching as to why the much-trumpeted rise in global ranking has failed miserably on the ground.
Conclusion: As there is no credible association between improvement in ranking and a rise in capital formation and output growth, anywhere, the decision of World Bank to audit the ‘Doing Business’ report of last five years is a step in the right direction.