Causes of Human-Wildlife Conflict:

• Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
• Competition for Resources
• Encroachment into Wildlife Territories
• Changes in Land Use
• Human Waste and Food Availability
• Climate Change
• Insufficient knowledge and understanding

Impacts of Human-Wildlife Conflict:

• Livelihood and Economic Losses: For instance, studies estimate that farmers in some regions of India experience annual crop losses of up to 20%, leading to economic losses of millions of dollars.
• Conservation Challenges: According to a survey conducted in India, 40% of respondents expressed negative perceptions of wildlife, associating them with threats to agriculture and human safety.
• Human Casualties and Injuries: In 2020, India recorded approximately 800 reported cases of human injuries caused by wildlife attacks, with the majority occurring in conflict-prone regions.
• Displacement and Relocation: Over the past decade, an estimated 100,000 people in India have been displaced or forced to relocate due to human-wildlife conflicts, resulting in social and cultural disruptions in affected communities.
• Impaired Food Security: Jeopardized food security due to crop destruction and livestock loss. 

Mitigation and Management Strategies

• Physical Barriers: Fencing, trenches, or barriers to prevent wildlife access to human settlements or agricultural areas.
• Non-lethal Deterrents: Use of noise devices, visual deterrents, or guard animals to discourage wildlife from approaching human settlements.
• Lion Lights Project: LED lights placed around livestock enclosures in Kenya to mimic human presence, deterring lions and reducing livestock predation.
• Compensation and Insurance Schemes: Providing compensation or insurance coverage for losses suffered by farmers due to wildlife damage.
• Snow Leopard Trust Compensation Program: Herders in Central Asia receive compensation for livestock losses caused by snow leopards, promoting conservation and reducing retaliatory killings.
• Community Engagement
• Habitat Restoration and Corridor Creation: Enhancing habitat connectivity and creating buffer zones to reduce human-wildlife conflicts.
• Policy and Legal Frameworks: Governments enact policies and regulations to address human-wildlife conflict,.

Conclusion: Human-wildlife conflict necessitates a balance between conservation goals and the needs of communities living close to wildlife. The resolution lies in fostering coexistence through innovative, locally-tailored strategies that prioritize both human welfare and wildlife conservation.