Indian Society (Mains Marks Booster)

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Indian society is a multi-lingual, multi-ethnic, multi-class/caste, patriarchal society. Despite all these diversities, Indian society is a living manifestation of ‘Unity in Diversity’.

Characteristics of Indian Society

India is a land of diverse cultures, religions, languages, and traditions. The society is a unique blend of various ethnic groups, each contributing to the vibrant tapestry of Indian culture.

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Caste System

The term ‘Caste’ comes from a Portuguese word ‘Casta’ which means race, breed, or group. In India, caste refers to a group which have common traditional occupation, common culture, and common social identity.

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Religious diversity in India

India is among the countries having significant religious diversity. Almost all the major religion of the world are practised in India. Moreover, India is the birthplace of religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.

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Unity in Diversity

Despite having infinite diversities, the Indian society manifests a feeling of togetherness and integrity. These factors responsible for this Unity in Diversity are as below:

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Kinship

Kinship means relations between members of society based on blood, marriage, or adoption. It is universal and socially accepted in almost all societies.

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Family

Family is the fundamental unit of society. It is the immediate environment for a child where he learns basic behavioural patterns, language, prejudice, and customs.

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Institution of Marriage

Marriage is a social sanction of the union and it is accomplished by different rituals and ceremonies. It is institution devised for the expression and development of love.

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Tribes

A tribe usually consists of members of society having common culture, dialect, customs etc. The tribes are often confined to a definite area and may also consist of different sub groups.

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Status of Women in India

In the last 75 years of Independence, we are still lagging the global average political participation of women that stands at 14% in the current Lok Sabha.

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Population and Associated Issues

Recently published State of World Population report 2023, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) predicts that by the middle of 2023, India would surpass China as the world's most populated nation.

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Poverty and Hunger

According World Bank, Poverty is “pronounced deprivation in well-being”. The poor are those who do not have enough income or consumption to put them above some adequate minimum threshold.

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Hunger

Hunger is defined by the United Nations as the period when people experienced severe food insecurity—meaning that they go for entire days without eating due to lack of money, access to food, or other resources. Poverty and hunger are the two sides of same coin.

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Inequality

The United Nations describes inequality as “the state of not being equal, especially in status, rights and opportunities”.

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Urbanization

Urbanization is the process by which people move from rural to urban regions, which results in a decline in the number of people living in rural areas, and the way communities adjust to this transition.

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Globalization

Globalisation is the phenomenon of rising integration, interdependence, and interconnectedness of the global community (socially and economically).

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Social Empowerment: Meaning, Need and Initiatives

Social empowerment is the process of enabling people to emerge from their subordinate position (vulnerable section) and achieve self-sufficiency.

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Women

According to the Census, 2011, the population of women is around 48 % which signifies the importance of empowering women.

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Schedule Castes

Scheduled Castes have historically been economically marginalized, with limited access to resources, education, and employment opportunities. Poverty, unequal land distribution, and lack of access to credit and markets contribute to their economic disadvantages.

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Minorities

Those communities notified under section 2(c) of the NCM (National Commission for Minorities) Act, 1992, by the central government are regarded as minority

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Senior Citizens

A national survey carried out by the NGO HelpAge India has shown that as many as 47% of elderly people are economically dependent on their families for income and 34% are relied on pensions and cash transfers, while 40% of the surveyed people have expressed the desire to work “as long as possible”, highlighting the need to pay greater attention to social security of senior citizens in the country.

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Persons with Disability

According to the World Health Organization, about 16% of the global population is disabled. If that figure is extrapolated to the Indian context, it would mean at least 192 million disabled people.

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Communalism

Communalism, specifically in the Indian context, is commonly understood as the occurrence of religious differences between groups, often resulting in tension and even violent clashes. It can also manifest in forms of discrimination against religious communities in areas like employment and education.

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Regionalism

Regionalism in the contemporary world is characterised by loyalties to a specific region of origin. It involves asserting regional identity and demands for special privileges as a remedy for past neglect or deprivation.

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Secularism

Secularism is a principle that advocates the separation of religion from politics and governance. It seeks to establish a society where religious institutions and state institutions are independent of each other.

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