Comparison of Indian constitution with other countries

Similarities

• Fundamental rights are recognized in both countries.

Legislative framework:

• In the legislatures of both countries, there are state representatives.
• Both countries have an impeachment process in place to remove the president.

Philosophical elements.

• The United States is where India got the idea for judicial review and legal procedure.
• The several branches of the government are separated in terms of authority.
• The United States has a federal structure akin to that of India.
• The Supremacy of the Constitution in the USA is similar to that in India.

Differences

Amenability of Constitution: India's constitution is both rigid and flexible, in contrast to the USA's rigid structure.

Political framework: India has a parliamentary system of governance, whereas the USA has a presidential one.

Setup for President:

• Eligibility: Only a natural born citizen of the United States can become President. The Indian President, must be a citizen of India, which might be natural or acquired.
• Veto power: USA - The President has a qualified veto. India - Does not have qualified veto power.

Office of the Vice-president: 

• In India: In the event of a vacancy, he can only serve as president until the new president is chosen.

Fundamental rights:

• USA: They follow "due process of law."

Checks and Balances:

• USA: Follows a Strict doctrine of Separation of Power.
• India: The executive and legislature are tightly interwoven and the judiciary is acting somewhat independently.

Judicial structure:

• USA: Every State has a unique Constitution and Supreme Court (Federal form).
• India: Integrated and independent judiciary with Supreme Court stands at the top of the integrated judicial system.

Federalism:

• USA: Dual Federation: Indestructible union of indestructible states. Symmetrical federalism: All states are given equal representation in the Senate
• India: Indestructible union of destructible states. Asymmetrical federalism: States have been given representation in Rajya Sabha on the basis of their population.

Similarities

Setup for executives: In both nations, the President appoints the prime minister.

Legislative framework: Similar to India, the Lower House is more powerful. Both of them include a clause outlining essential rights.

Differences

• Political Framework: While India has a parliamentary type of government, Russia has a semi-presidential administration.
• Structure of executive: In the event of the president's demise or resignation in Russia, the prime minister takes over as president; in India, the vice-president assumes that role. In India, there is no restriction on the number of consecutive terms a president may serve, unlike in Russia. In Russia, the President is more powerful, whereas in India, the Prime Minister is more influential.

Similarities

• Both countries have a parliamentary system of government.
• Setup for executives: The cabinet system is present in both countries. There are two separate heads of government for each country.
• Amenability: Like in India, a simple majority is required to pass, alter, or repeal British law.
• Judicial structure: Judges can be fired in the same way as in India.
• Written/Unwritten: India has a written constitution, but the UK only has a small percentage of its unwritten constitution covered in writing.

Differences

Constitution: Written/Unwritten:

• India has a written constitution, but the UK only has a small percentage of its unwritten constitution covered in writing.
• The UK is a unitary state with a flexible constitution.

Political framework: India is a Republic, whereas the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. In India, the Prime Minister may come from either House of Parliament, unlike the UK, where he must be chosen from the lower House.

Legislative framework:

• A former speaker does not have a political affiliation in the UK because of the custom that once a speaker, always a speaker. 
• However, in India, the speaker is still a party member.
• In the UK, Parliament is the ultimate power whereas in Indian Constitution is superior. 
• In India, the judiciary effectively regulates the legislature, and there is a complete separation of powers process in place.

Executive: The executive has individual legal responsibility. In India there is no individual legal responsibility.

Amendment to the constitution

• Because there is no distinction between a constitutional legislation and an ordinary law, in Britain, it can be passed, changed, or repealed by a Simple Majority (50% of the members present and voting) of the Parliament. Both are regarded the same.
• In India: Clear distinction between the ordinary laws and constitutional amendment act.
• Amendment can be only initiated by the Parliament.

Similarities

• Constitution in writing: Both France and India have written constitutions
• Amendment procedures: In a manner similar to how modifications in India are made, the French Constitution can be changed with a 60% majority.
• Republic: Both countries have an elected head of state and are republics.
• Ideals: In the Preamble of its Constitution, India has taken principles from the French Constitution about liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• Emergency supplies: Both countries are capable of providing for emergencies.

Differences

• Political Framework: The President of France has greater authority than the Prime Minister under a semi-presidential system, whereas the Prime Minister of India has more authority under a parliamentary system.