Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

India has screened over 6 crore people under its mission to eliminate Sickle Cell Disease by 2047, focusing on tribal regions and early genetic intervention.

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Context

  • Recently, India achieved a major milestone under the National Sickle Cell Anemia Elimination Mission, having screened over 6 crore individuals for Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) out of the targeted 7 crore.

About SCD

  • A hereditary blood disorder caused by mutations in the gene responsible for producing hemoglobin. 
  • Cell Shape Abnormality: Unlike healthy disc-shaped red blood cells, affected individuals have red blood cells shaped like a crescent or sickle. 
  • Health Impact: Leads to reduced red blood cell lifespan and chronic anemia.
  • Causes poor oxygen delivery and blockages in blood vessels.
  • Can result in acute pain episodes, severe infections, and tissue death (necrosis). Long-term damage to organs like the heart, lungs, and kidneys is common.
  • Prevalence in India: Primarily affects tribal populations in Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
  • Treatment: Gene therapy and stem cell transplantation.

National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination Mission

  • Vision: To eliminate SCD as a public health problem in India by the year 2047.
  • Objective: Improve healthcare access and outcomes for all SCD patients. 
  • Reduce the prevalence of the disease, especially among tribal populations.
  • Promote awareness, screening, behavioural change, and counselling. 
  • Target Population: Universal screening of 7 crore individuals aged 0-40 years in high prevalence tribal regions
  • Key Activities: Awareness generation campaigns, large-scale screening and testing, Genetic counselling and community engagement, Inter-ministerial and state collaboration coordinated efforts. 
  • Focus States (17 high-prevalence states): Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, Bihar, and Uttarakhand.


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