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12 June 2026 9 views

National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

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theIAShub
12 Jun, 2026
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National Education Policy (NEP) 2020
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India's comprehensive education reform framework that restructures curriculum, pedagogy, and governance from school to higher education — central to current Centre-State tensions.

Why in News

Implementation of NEP 2020 has become a major flashpoint in Centre–State relations, particularly over the Four-Year Undergraduate Programme (FYUP) and the three-language formula, with states like Tamil Nadu resisting mandatory compliance.

Key Facts

  • Approved: Cabinet approved NEP 2020 on 29 July 2020, replacing the 1986 National Policy on Education.
  • Four-Year Undergraduate Programme (FYUP): Mandates 4-year multidisciplinary bachelor's degree with multiple exit options (1 year = certificate, 2 years = diploma, 3 years = degree, 4 years = degree with research).
  • Three-Language Formula: Promotes learning of three languages (two native to India) in school — facing resistance from states protecting regional linguistic identity.
  • Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) Target: Aims to achieve 50% GER in higher education by 2035 (currently around 28%).
  • Academic Bank of Credits (ABC): Digital repository for storing and transferring academic credits to facilitate student mobility across institutions.
  • Higher Education Financing Agency (HEFA): Shifts from grant-based to loan-based infrastructure funding for state universities — criticized for creating debt burden. (UPSC Mains Usage: GS2 — Government Policies, federalism tensions)
  • Constitutional Position: Education moved to Concurrent List (Entry 25) via 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 — both Centre and States can legislate, but Central law prevails under Article 254.
  • Centre's Exclusive Domain: Entry 66 of Union List gives Centre power over coordination and determination of standards in higher education institutions.

Quick Revision Box

Term

Detail

NEP 2020 Approval

29 July 2020, replaced 1986 policy

FYUP

4-year UG degree with multiple exit options

GER Target

50% by 2035 (current ~28%)

Education in Constitution

Concurrent List Entry 25 (via 42nd Amendment, 1976)

Entry 66, Union List

Centre's exclusive power over standards in higher education

ABC

Academic Bank of Credits — digital credit repository


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