Mithun (Bos frontalis): Origin, Habitat, Cultural Significance & Conservation Status

Learn about Mithun, the semi-domesticated bovine species native to Northeast India, its origin, physical traits, cultural importance, habitat range, and conservation status under IUCN and Wildlife Protection Act.

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Context

  • Recently, scientists and tribal farmers from the Northeast have jointly urged the central government to include mithun (Bos frontalis), under key central sector schemes like the National Livestock Mission (NLM).  
  • They emphasized that such inclusion is crucial for promoting sustainable mithun farming and reversing the species' declining population.

About Mithun

  • Also known as Gayal, is a heavily built, semi-domesticated bovine species.
  • Believed to have originated over 8,000 years ago, it is considered a descendant of the wild Indian gaur (bison). 
  • Referred to as the "cattle of the mountain", symbolizing strength and cultural significance in the Northeast.

Geographical Distribution

  • Found mainly in the Northeastern region of India, especially in Arunachal Pradesh, which has the highest population. 
  • Also found in Nagaland, and parts of Southeast Asia including Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar. Inhabits tropical evergreen rainforests.

Cultural Significance

  • State animal of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. 
  • The Adi tribes of Arunachal Pradesh celebrate the 'Soulung' festival annually to commemorate the arrival of Mithun on Earth. 

Physical Characteristics

  • Resembles the Indian gaur, but is smaller in size. 
  • Strongly built with an average weight of 400-650 kg
  • Notable for its broad frontal bone, flat-shaped face, and horns that form an inverted triangle shape from the front. 
  • The body color is typically blackish-brown, with a creamy white or yellowish forehead.

Conservation Status

  • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable; CITES: AppendixI; WPA: Schedule I


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