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02 June 2026 5 views

Herbivore Habitat Conservation — Wildlife Ecology

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theIAShub
02 Jun, 2026
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Herbivore Habitat Conservation — Wildlife Ecology
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Ecosystem management focusing on grasslands and prey base restoration critical for predator survival and biodiversity conservation in India.

Why in News

UPSC Editorial Analysis on 23 May 2026 emphasises reclaiming India's herbivore habitats as essential for predator conservation and ecological balance.

Key Facts

  • Herbivores (prey species like deer, wild buffalo, gaur) form the prey base essential for sustaining predator populations like tigers, lions, and leopards.
  • Project Tiger (1973) focuses primarily on predator conservation but prey density is identified as limiting factor in 65% of tiger reserves. (UPSC Mains Usage: Links to GS3 — Biodiversity Conservation)
  • Grassland ecosystems cover only 5% of India's geographical area but support 70% of herbivore biomass critical for predator survival.
  • Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 provides legal framework with Schedule I listing critically endangered species and Schedule IV covering herbivores.
  • Asiatic Lion population in Gir Forest increased from 523 (2015) to 674 (2020) due to successful prey base augmentation
  • National Wildlife Action Plan (2017-2031) identifies habitat fragmentation affecting 40% of Protected Areas as major threat.
  • Tiger Census 2022 recorded 3,682 tigers, but prey density below optimal 50-60 ungulates per sq km in several reserves. (UPSC Mains Usage: Constitutional peg — Article 51A(g) fundamental duty to protect wildlife)
  • Invasive species like Lantana camara and Prosopis juliflora degrade grasslands, reducing herbivore carrying capacity by 30-40%.

Quick Revision Box

Term

Detail

Prey Base

Herbivores essential for predator survival

Project Tiger

Launched 1973 — 65% reserves face prey deficit

Grasslands

5% area supports 70% herbivore biomass

Wildlife Act

1972 — Schedules I-IV protection levels

Gir Lions

674 population (2020) — prey-driven growth

Optimal Density

50-60 ungulates/sq km for healthy predator population


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