Uttar Pradesh School Mergers

Uttar Pradesh’s 2025 school merger policy targets low-enrolment government schools to optimize resources. While aimed at improving education quality, the move raises concerns over access, equity, and rural student impact.

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Context

  • The Uttar Pradesh government’s 2025 decision to merge government schools with low enrolment has sparked widespread debate.
  • The Allahabad High Court has upheld the government’s position. This policy shift reflects broader trends in Indian education aimed at resource optimisation amid declining enrolments.

Background of School Merger in Uttar Pradesh

  • In mid-2025, UP’s Basic Education Department identified schools with fewer than 50 students.
  • The government aims to use freed infrastructure for pre-primary Balvatikas.
  • This approach follows similar reforms seen in states like Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha under NITI Aayog initiatives since 2017.

Rationale Behind School Merger

  • The mergers address inefficient use of resources in small schools.
  • Many government schools have very low enrolment and often only one teacher.
  • NEP recommends forming school complexes to share resources and improve education quality.
  • The policy aims to reduce operational challenges such as multi-grade teaching and lack of specialised subjects or facilities.

Challenges in Merger Policy

  • Opposition parties and teachers’ unions argue mergers increase travel distances for children.
  • This may disproportionately affect girls and marginalised groups, risking higher drop-out rates.
  • Critics fear the loss of local schools undermines community access and engagement.

Impact on Enrolment and School Infrastructure  

  • Data from UDISE+ shows a decline in government schools in UP from 163,000 in 2018-19 to 137,000 in 2023-24. Meanwhile, private school numbers increased.
  • Nearly 13,000 schools had zero enrolment in 2023-24.
  • Small school sizes have made quality education delivery difficult, with many schools lacking adequate teachers and facilities. The merger policy seeks to address these inefficiencies.


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