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    Mangal Pandey Birth Anniversary

    The Prime Minister paid tribute to Mangal Pandey, whose defiance in 1857 sparked India’s First War of Independence. Born in Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, Pandey’s rebellion symbolized widespread discontent in Awadh and inspired leaders like Rani Laxmibai, Nana Sahib, and Begum Hazrat Mahal in the historic uprising against British rule.

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    Context

    • The Prime Minister paid tributes to freedom fighter Mangal Pandey on his birth anniversary.

    About Mangal Pandey

    • He was born on 19 July 1827 in Nagwa village, Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh, India.
    • Mangal Pandey is renowned for his role as a sepoy in the 34th Bengal Native Infantry of the British East India Company and for sparking the Indian Rebellion of 1857, widely regarded as India’s First War of Independence.

    Major Events

    • He refused to use the newly introduced Enfield rifle because it was believed that the new Enfield Pattern 1853 rifle-musket issued to the sepoys of the East India Company came with a cartridge dipped in beef and pork fat, which made it anathema to both Hindu and Muslim sepoys, who had to bite open the cartridge to load the weapon.
    • On March 29, 1857, he mutinied and fired at his Senior Sergeant Major. 
    • He was overpowered and hanged on April 8, 1857, by the order of a Court Martial at Lal Bagan in Barrackpore.
    • On 9 May 1857, 85 sepoys in Meerut refused to use new rifle cartridges believed to be coated with cow and pig fat.
      • They were dismissed and sentenced to 10 years in jail for disobedience.

    Contributions

    • He played a crucial role in sparking the Revolt of 1857 which eventually led to the end of East India Company rule and the beginning of direct governance by the British Crown under the Government of India Act, 1858.
      • It appointed a Viceroy as the Crown representative in India in place of the Governor General of India. 
      • Lord Canning became the First viceroy under this new system.

    About Socio-Political Context of Awadh 

    • Mangal Pandey belonged to Awadh, a key region for Company recruitment. 75,000 sepoys from Awadh were part of the British army, and almost every agricultural family had a representative serving. 
    • The annexation of Awadh in 1856 by Lord Dalhousie on the grounds of misgovernance (not under the Doctrine of Lapse) and the land revenue settlements caused deep resentment. 
    • Confiscation of taluqdars' lands and harsh revenue systems led to 14,000 petitions from sepoys protesting their economic hardships. Pandey’s rebellion thus became symbolic of this cumulative peasant-military discontent. 

    About Other Prominent Leaders of the 1857 Revolt from Uttar Pradesh

    • Nana Sahib (Kanpur): Adopted son of Peshwa Bajirao II; denied pension rights by the British. Took leadership in Kanpur; fled to Nepal in 1859, where he likely died. 
    • Begum Hazrat Mahal (Lucknow): Widow of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah; led the revolt from Lucknow. Crowned her son Birjis Qadr as king. Lived in exile in Nepal until her death in 1879. 
    • Veer Kuwar Singh (Bihar): 80-year-old zamindar from Bhojpur; led guerrilla warfare. Retook Jagdishpur in 1858 before succumbing to injuries. 
    • Rani Laxmibai (Jhansi): Denied succession under the Doctrine of Lapse fought British forces under General Hugh Rose in 1858. 
    • Khan Bahadur Khan (Bareilly): Led a prolonged resistance in Bareilly at age 82; fought Sir Colin Campbell. 
    • Maulvi Liaqat Ali (Allahabad): Controlled Allahabad briefly; operated from Khusro Bagh. Arrested in 1872 and deported to Andaman Islands.
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