Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) : Recently, India has launched a national programme to monitor and mitigate Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) risks by focusing on 195 high-risk lakes in the Himalayan region amid rising climate-induced disasters.
o Programme likely to scale up after the 16th Finance Commission (FY2027–FY2031) recommendations.
o Objectives of the Programme : Hazard assessment of each at-risk glacial lake.
- Installation of Automated Weather and Water Stations (AWWS) for real-time monitoring.
- Deployment of Early Warning Systems (EWS) downstream.
- Mitigation infrastructure, including water drawdown systems & retention structures.
- Community engagement for awareness and involvement in risk mitigation.
o This abrupt discharge often leads to catastrophic flooding in downstream areas.
o Glacial Lakes: Formed when melting glaciers leave behind depressions filled with meltwater.
- These lakes may occur: In front of glaciers (proglacial), On top of glaciers (supraglacial), Or beneath glaciers (subglacial).
- They are typically dammed by unstable ice, loose sediment, or moraine (rock and debris).
o Larger lakes under unstable conditions pose higher risks of bursting.
o If the natural dam fails, a massive volume of water can rush downhill, causing destructive floods.
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