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1. Free Speech Index

Free Speech Index: India ranked 24th out of 33 countries in the Free Speech Index, as per a global survey by The Future of Free Speech, a U.S.-based think tank.

  • About Free Speech Index: The survey conducted by the Future of Free Speech.
  • India’s Rank: 24th out of 33 countries with a score of 62.6 — between South Africa (66.9) and Lebanon (61.8).
  • Top Rankings: Dominated by Norway (87.9) and Denmark (87.0).
  • Biggest Improvements: Shown by Indonesia (56.8), Malaysia (55.4), and Pakistan (57.0), though still in the lower rankings.
  • Findings on India:

o Majority of Indians value free speech without government censorship.

o 37% of Indians believe that governments should prevent criticism of policies — highest among surveyed countries.

o Contrasting figures: U.K. (5%) and Denmark (3%).

o India shows disconnect between public supports for free speech and actual protection — similar to Hungary and Venezuela.

  • Perception vs Reality: Indians believe free speech has improved, while global observers note that it has worsened since 2021.

o The report highlighted democratic backsliding in countries like India, impacting political liberties and freedom of expression.


2. Cyclone Jude

Cyclone Jude: The Cyclone hit Mozambique, causing six fatalities and destroying 900 homes which initially identified as a depression south-west of Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean.

  • About Cyclone: Caused by atmospheric disturbances around a low-pressure area with swift, destructive air circulation, accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.

o Air circulates anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

  • Classifications: Extra-tropical Cyclones (Occur in temperate zones and high latitude regions) & Tropical Cyclones (Develop between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer over tropical or subtropical waters)
Naming Origin: The term "Cyclone", coined by Henry Peddington.
  • How are Cyclones Formed?

o Formation and Initial Development Stage: Requires warm sea temperatures (26°C+ to a depth of 60m) for evaporation and water vapour transfer.

  • Atmospheric instability encourages the formation of vertical cumulus clouds.

o Mature Tropical Cyclones: Air rises in vigorous thunderstorms, spreads out at the tropopause level, creating a warm 'Eye'.

  • The ‘Eye’ may be circular, concentric, or elliptical.
  • In the Indian Ocean, mature cyclones have concentric thundercloud bands.

3. Global Engagement Scheme

Global Engagement Scheme: The Ministry of Culture implements the Global Engagement Scheme to promote India's rich cultural heritage internationally and enhance India’s global image.

  • About Global Engagement Scheme: It was previously known as scheme for Promotion of International Cultural Relations.
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Culture.
  • Objective: Promotes India’s cultural heritage and enhances India’s global image.
  • Components:
  • Festival of India: Organized abroad to promote people-to-people connect and bilateral cultural contacts.

o Artists from diverse cultural fields such as Folk Art (Folk Music, Folk Dance, Folk Theatre & Puppetry), Classical and Traditional Dance, Contemporary Dance, Classical/Semi-Classical Music, and Theatre perform in the ‘Festivals of India’.

  • Grant in Aid to Indo Foreign Friendship Cultural Societies Scheme: Sanctions grants to foster closer friendship and cultural contacts between India and foreign countries.
  • Contribution Grant: Provides Indian contributions towards membership of international organizations like ICROM, UNESCO, and the World Heritage Fund.

4. Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary

Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary: In a significant achievement for conservation experts, naturalists, and tribal communities, the first honey harvest was recently conducted near the Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary in Raigad district, Maharashtra, close to Mumbai.

  • About Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary: It is located in Murud region of Raigad district, Maharashtra.
  • Purpose: Created to preserve the coastal woodland ecosystem of the Western Ghats.
  • Area: Spans 17,250 acres of forest, grasslands, and wetlands.
  • Historical Significance: Once part of the hunting reserves of the princely state of Murud-Janjira.
  • Grasslands: Pockets of open grassland called "mals" occur throughout the sanctuary.
  • Flora: Major plant species include Ain, Kinjal, Teak, Hirda, Jamba, Mango, Ficus, and others.
  • Fauna: Notable animal species: Leopard, Hyena, Sambar, and Mouse Deer.
  • Bird species: Malabar Pied Hornbill, Black Eagle, Yellow-footed Green Pigeon, Pompadour Green Pigeon, and Forest Wagtail.
  • White-Rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis), listed as critically endangered, is also found in the sanctuary.

5. Raisina Dialogue 2025

Raisina Dialogue 2025: the 10th edition of the Raisina Dialogue, marking a decade of global conversations.

  • About Raisina Dialogue 2025: It was organised by Observer Research Foundation (ORF) in collaboration with the Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, which was inaugurated by Prime Minister of India.
  • Theme: "Kālachakra – People, Peace, Planet", emphasizing human interconnectedness, peace, and environmental protection.
  • Pillars: Structured around six thematic pillars:

o Politics Interrupted: Examines shifting global power dynamics and challenges to traditional international relationships.

o Resolving the Green Trilemma: Focuses on climate change, balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability.

o Digital Planet: Explores technology’s impact on governance, economies, and societies, addressing cybersecurity and AI geopolitics.

o Militant Mercantilism: Analyzes economic nationalism, trade, supply chains, and global trade resilience.

o The Tiger’s Tale: Highlights the Global South's role in shaping sustainable development paradigms.

o Investing in Peace: Examines emerging security threats and leadership for global stability.


6. Chittu Pandey

Chittu Pandey: The Uttar Pradesh government announced plans to build a memorial in honour of Chittu Pandey in Ballia district.

  • About Chittu Pandey: He was a freedom fighter & revolutionary, played a key role in the Quit India Movement of 1942.

o Title: Known as the “Lion of Ballia” for his bravery and leadership.

o Birth: Born on 10 May 1895 in Rattuchak village, Ballia district, Uttar Pradesh.

o Establishment of Independent Government: On August 19, 1942, under his leadership, Ballia's revolutionaries:

o Ousted British officials and proclaimed Ballia's independence and established a temporary national government.

o Chittu Pandey assumed charge as the interim administrator (chief). This government succeeded in: Handing over power to the Collector and releasing arrested Congress leaders.

o Later, British army recaptured Ballia and arrested Chittu Pandey and other revolutionaries.

  • About Quit India Movement: Started on 8 August 1942 when Mahatma Gandhi called for an end to British rule at the All-India Congress Committee session in Mumbai.
  • Slogan: Gandhi's call: “Do or Die” during his speech at Gwalia Tank Maidan (now August Kranti Maidan).
  • Key Personalities:

o Aruna Asaf Ali: Known as the “Grand Old Lady” of the freedom movement; hoisted the Indian flag at Gowalia Tank grounds.

o Yusuf Meherli: Coined the slogan “Quit India”; was a socialist, trade unionist, and mayor of Mumbai.


7. Gig Workers

Gig Workers: The plight of gig workers highlights exploitation in the gig economy through digital platforms. Rajasthan passed the first-of-its-kind Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Act, 2023 to ensure social security.

  • About Gig Workers: It is defined in the Labour Codes of 2019 as: “A person who performs work or participates in a work arrangement and earns from such activities outside of traditional employer-employee relationships.”

    o Includes: Freelancers, Contractual workers, Project-based workers, and Short-term workers.

    o Common in platform-based work, e.g., Zomato, Swiggy, Amazon, Flipkart.

    • Workforce Size: 77 lakh gig workers in 2020-21 (~2.6% of the non-agricultural workforce or 1.5% of India’s total workforce). Projected to reach 2.35 crore by 2029-30.
    • About Gig Economy: Involves short-term employment, contractual jobs, and independent contractors.

    o Also known as: Freelancer Economy, Agile Workforce, Sharing Economy, or Independent Workforce.

    o Platform Economy: Commerce increasingly shifts toward digital platform business models.

    • Recommendations: Provide stronger social security for gig workers and implement government oversight on platform algorithms to ensure fairness.

8. Maharishi Dadhichi Kund

Maharishi Dadhichi Kund: Recently, the Uttar Pradesh government announced plans to make Maharishi Dadhichi Kund a state tourist centre.

  • About Dadhichi Kund: Located in the Mishrikh area, about 12 kilometers from Naimisharanya.

o Believed that water from all pilgrimage sites around the world mixes in this pond, giving the area its name, Mishrikh.

o Associated with Maharishi Dadhichi, who donated his bones to create the thunderbolt used by the gods to kill Vritrasura, spans about 2 acres of land.

o Near the Kund is a grand temple of Maharishi Dadhichi, featuring his statues in various postures. The temple's architecture and serene environment make it a calm and spiritual center.

  • About Maharishi Dadhichi: Renowned as a great ascetic, Vedic scholar, and philanthropist sage. Son of Sage Atharva and Mother Shanti, dedicated his life to Shiva worship and public welfare.

o Sacrificed his life through yogic power to offer his bones, enabling the creation of a thunderbolt to defeat Vritrasura.

  • About Naimisharanya: An ancient pilgrimage site in the Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh, situated on the banks of the Gomti River.


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