INDO ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE (Syllabus: GS Paper 1 – Art and Culture)

Context: Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has started restoration and conservation work at Ghiyas-ud- din Balban's 13th century- tomb, located inside the Mehrauli Archaeological Park.

• It is believed to be the first monument built in the Indo-Islamic architectural style.

Indo-Islamic Architectural Style

• In the 13th century, Islamic rulers began to settle in Northern India following the Turkish conquest of the region.
• These rulers introduced new artistic and architectural elements, including calligraphy and ornamentation.
• The fusion of these new architectural styles with local traditions brought about a significant transformation in Indian architecture.
• This architectural style is now recognized as Indo-Islamic Architecture due to the blend of Islamic and indigenous influences.

Features Of Indo-Islamic Architecture

• Arcuade Form of Architecture: This style involves the use of arches and domes, primarily designed to support the weight of the upper structure.
• Minars: Minars were constructed around mosques and mausoleums.
• Non-Representational Art: Instead of depicting living beings such as humans or animals, the art primarily featured arabesque geometrical patterns and calligraphy.
• Arabesque Patterns: Arabesque patterns are characterized by the use of geometrical and vegetal ornamentation, featuring a continuous stem that regularly splits to create a series of balanced leafy and secondary stems.
• Jali Works: These buildings incorporated intricate jali work, with examples found in structures like the Jaipur Ajmera Fort.
• Pietra-Dura Technique: This technique involved inlaying precious stones and gems into stone walls, with Lapis Lazuli being a notable example used on the walls.
• Example: Qutub Minar, Alai Darwaza, Siri Fort, Taj Mahal, Akbar's Tomb,  Bibi ka Maqbara, Safdarjung Tomb and Humayun's Tomb.