HELIUM (Syllabus: GS Paper 3 – Sci and Tech)

Context: Two NASA astronauts aboard Boeing’s Starliner will stay on the International Space Station for months because of a faulty propulsion system whose problems included helium leaks.

Helium

• About: It is the second most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen. 
• Property: It is a colorless and odorless inert gas that has unique properties.
• Origin: Helium is a non-renewable natural resource that is most commonly recovered from natural gas deposits.
• Reason to Choose Helium:

oInert Nature: Helium is chemically non-reactive and does not combust, making it ideal for use in rocket systems.

oLightweight: As the second lightest element, helium helps reduce rocket weight, enhancing efficiency in achieving orbital speeds.

oLow Boiling Point: Helium remains a gas even in extremely cold environments, matching the storage needs of rocket fuels.

• Mechanism to Use:

oPressurization: Helium pressurizes fuel tanks, ensuring smooth fuel flow to engines.

oSafe Mixing: Its non-reactive nature allows helium to safely interact with residual tank contents.

Reason of Leaks

• Small Size, Easy Escape: Helium atoms can leak through small gaps due to their small size and low molecular weight.
• Leak Detection: Its rarity in Earth's atmosphere makes helium leaks easy to detect, aiding in spotting potential fuel system issues.
• Alternatives: Argon and nitrogen have been tested as alternatives, but helium remains more common in the industry.
• Innovative Pressurization: Systems like Ariane 6's use of liquid oxygen and hydrogen failed during a test, showing the challenges of replacing helium.