Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (Syllabus: GS Paper 3 – Env and Eco)

Context: The recently adopted Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) marks a significant milestone for the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) as it enters its 31st year.

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

• About: It was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit") and entered into force in 1993. 
• Members: 196 Parties 
• India is a party to the convention.
• The USA is the only UN member state which has not ratified the Convention.
• Secretariat: Montreal, Canada. 
• It is an international legally binding treaty with three main goals:
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Sustainable use of the components of the Biodiversity.
• The fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.

Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF)

• Adoption of the KMGBF: The 15th Conference of Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework" (GBF).
• Four Goals & 23 Targets: The GBF comprises four overarching goals and 23 specific targets to be achieved by 2030.
• Location: COP15 took place in Montreal, Canada.
• Protecting 30% of the Planet: Through the KMGBF, participating countries committed to safeguarding 30 percent of the planet's biodiversity by 2030.
• Ecosystem Restoration; Countries vowed to attain the 23 GBF targets aimed at reversing ecosystem degradation, and securing the survival of the natural world.
• Subsidy Reduction: Under the GBF, countries also agreed to reduce harmful government subsidies by 2025 and to increase international financial flows from developed to developing countries, aiming for at least $20 billion by 2025 and $30 billion by 2030.