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India has a rich and complex history, marked by numerous dynasties, invasions, conflicts, and alliances. Throughout these periods, treaties played a critical role in shaping the political landscape. These agreements were often forged to end wars, settle territorial disputes, or regulate trade and alliances. From the medieval period to the colonial era, treaties in Indian history reflect the changing power dynamics and strategic interests of the involved parties. This article explores various treaties in Indian history, focusing on key treaties from different periods, including medieval India, British colonialism, and post-colonial India.

Treaties in Medieval India

During medieval India, several treaties were signed as a result of wars between different kingdoms and empires. These treaties were often designed to restore peace, regulate territories, or ensure the continuation of power.

• Treaty of Delhi (1327)

1. 1. • One of the most significant treaties of medieval India was the Treaty of Delhi (1327), signed between the Delhi Sultanate under Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq and the Sultanate of Gujarat.
      • The treaty marked an agreement after years of territorial conflicts. It established terms of peace and allowed both parties to maintain their spheres of influence 

• Treaty of Asurar Ali (1639)

1. 1. • The Treaty of Asurar Ali was signed between the Mughal Empire and the Ahom Kingdom.
      • It ended the Mughal attempt to conquer Assam and established a clear boundary between the two territories. The Ahoms successfully resisted Mughal expansion, retaining their sovereignty over Assam.

• Treaty of Purandar (1665)

1. • This treaty was signed between Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj and Mirza Raja Jai Singh, a commander of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. As per the agreement:
   • Shivaji had to surrender 23 forts to the Mughals.
   • He was allowed to retain 12 forts and became an orderly of the Mughals.
   • Despite this temporary setback, Shivaji later regained his power and continued his struggle for Swaraj.

Treaties in Modern India

As India entered the modern era, particularly during British colonial rule, a number of treaties were signed that fundamentally altered the political and territorial structure of the subcontinent. These treaties were often the result of wars between the British and local kingdoms or between the British and foreign powers.

• Treaties of the Carnatic Wars

Carnatic Wars (1746–1763) were a series of three wars fought in Southern India, largely between the British East India Company and the French East India Company, with local rulers such as the Nawabs of Carnatic and the Marathas involved. These wars were primarily fought over control of the Carnatic region, which was vital for trade and strategic control in southern India.

• Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

This treaty ended the First Carnatic War between the British and the French. It largely restored the status quo, with both the British and the French agreeing to return captured territories. However, the treaty failed to resolve the underlying power struggle in India, setting the stage for future conflicts.

• Treaty of Paris (1763)

Concluding the Third Carnatic War, the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years’ War between the British and the French. In India, the treaty resulted in British dominance over the French East India Company, significantly reducing French influence in India.

Anglo-Maratha War Treaties 

Anglo-Maratha Wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company. These wars were crucial in determining the future of India, as the Marathas were one of the last major Indian powers that could challenge British control.

• Treaty of Salbai (1782)

Signed at the end of the First Anglo-Maratha War, the Treaty of Salbai was a peace agreement between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire. The treaty restored the status quo, with the Marathas retaining most of their territory, but it also marked the beginning of the Maratha’s gradual decline in power.

• Treaty of Bassein (1802)

This treaty was signed during the Second Anglo-Maratha War between the British East India Company and Baji Rao II, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire. The treaty resulted in the Marathas accepting British protection in exchange for ceding important territories. This weakened the Maratha Confederacy and paved the way for British dominance in India.

• Treaty of Pune (1818)

Signed after the defeat of the Maratha Confederacy in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, this treaty effectively marked the end of the Maratha Empire. The treaty forced the Marathas to accept British supremacy, and the British gained control over large parts of India, consolidating their power.

Also Read: List of Maratha Wars

Anglo-Mysore War Treaties

The Anglo-Mysore Wars were a series of four wars fought between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company. The wars were fought largely over control of southern India, and the Kingdom of Mysore, under the leadership of Sultan Hyder Ali and later his son Tipu Sultan, posed a formidable challenge to British expansion.

• Treaty of Madras (1769)

After the First Anglo-Mysore War, the Treaty of Madras was signed, marking a temporary peace between the British and Mysore. Both parties agreed to return the territories they had captured during the war. However, this peace was short-lived, and hostilities resumed in the subsequent wars.

• Treaty of Mangalore (1784)

After the Second Anglo-Mysore War, the Treaty of Mangalore was signed between the British East India Company and Tipu Sultan of Mysore. The treaty resulted in the return of captured territories and a ceasefire. However, this treaty did not last, as conflicts soon escalated again.

• Treaty of Srirangapatna (1792)

Signed at the end of the Third Anglo-Mysore War, this treaty marked the defeat of Tipu Sultan. The treaty forced Mysore to surrender one-third of its territory, including key strategic locations, and pay a large indemnity. Tipu Sultan was also compelled to release his prisoners of war.

• Treaty of Paris (1815)

After the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, the Treaty of Paris in 1815 ended the conflict and resulted in the complete disintegration of the Kingdom of Mysore. Tipu Sultan died in the battle, and his kingdom was annexed by the British East India Company.

Anglo-Sikh War Treaties

Anglo-Sikh Wars were a series of conflicts between the British East India Company and the Sikh Empire, which was one of the last independent powers in India before British dominance.

• Treaty of Lahore (1846)

The Treaty of Lahore marked the end of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The treaty forced the Sikh Empire to cede significant territory and pay a large indemnity. It also led to the creation of a puppet state under British control, with Gulab Singh being given the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.

• Treaty of Amritsar (1849)

The Treaty of Amritsar ended the Second Anglo-Sikh War and resulted in the annexation of Punjab by the British. The treaty marked the end of the Sikh Empire, and the British gained complete control over the region.

Also Read: Anglo Sikh Wars

Anglo-Nepal War Treaty

The Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) was fought between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal. The war ended with the signing of the Sugauli Treaty in 1816. Sugauli Treaty forced Nepal to cede large territories, including Sikkim, Kumaon, and Garhwal, to the British. The treaty also required Nepal to recognize the British suzerainty over its foreign affairs, significantly weakening Nepal’s independence.

Anglo-Afghan War Treaties

Anglo-Afghan Wars were a series of conflicts between the British Empire and the Kingdom of Afghanistan, driven by strategic interests in Central Asia.

• Treaty of Gandamak (1879)

After the Second Anglo-Afghan War, the Treaty of Gandamak was signed, which made Afghanistan a British protectorate. The treaty also ceded significant territory to the British, including the Khyber Pass, a vital strategic location.

• Treaty of Rawalpindi (1919)

The Treaty of Rawalpindi ended the Third Anglo-Afghan War and restored Afghanistan’s independence, though the country remained under British influence, especially regarding foreign affairs.

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