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Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is a statutory body under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. It regulates the public exhibition of films in India by certifying them under various categories. 

In this article, we will provide a detailed overview of the CBFC, including its full form, functions, film certification types, and its role in Indian cinema. Whether you’re a film enthusiast, a student, or a UPSC aspirant, this guide will help you understand the workings of the CBFC in simple language.

What is the Central Board of Film Certification?

The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is responsible for certifying films for public exhibition in India. It ensures that films adhere to the guidelines set under the Cinematograph Act, 1952. The CBFC evaluates films based on their content and assigns appropriate certifications to ensure they are suitable for specific audiences.

When Was the Central Board of Film Certification Established?

The CBFC was established in 1952 under the Cinematograph Act, 1952. It replaced the earlier regional censor boards that operated during the British era. The board was initially known as the Central Board of Film Censors and was later renamed the Central Board of Film Certification in 1983.

What is the Cinematograph Act, 1952?

Cinematograph Act, 1952 is the legal framework that governs the certification and exhibition of films in India. It empowers the CBFC to:

• Certify films for public exhibition.
• Prescribe age restrictions for viewers.
• Refuse certification if a film violates the guidelines.

The Act also defines the categories of film certification and the process for appealing against CBFC decisions.

Structure and Composition of CBFC

CBFC consists of a Chairperson and 23 members appointed by the Central Government. The members are chosen from various fields, including social science, education, law, arts, and filmmaking. The current CBFC Chairman is Prasoon Joshi, a renowned lyricist and screenwriter.

Functions of the Central Board of Film Certification

The primary functions of the Central Board of Film Certification include:

• Certification of Films: The CBFC certifies films under four categories: U, A, U/A, and S.
• Prescribing Age Restrictions: The board ensures that films are suitable for specific age groups.
• Certifying Foreign and Dubbed Films: The CBFC also certifies foreign films and dubbed versions of Indian films.
• Ensuring Compliance: The board ensures that films comply with the guidelines under the Cinematograph Act, 1952.

Film Certification Types

The CBFC certifies films under the following categories:

Evolution of Censorship in Indian Cinema

The concept of film censorship in India dates back to the Indian Cinematograph Act, 1918, which was introduced during British rule. After independence, the Cinematograph Act, 1952 was enacted, leading to the establishment of the CBFC. Over the years, the CBFC has evolved to address the changing dynamics of Indian cinema and societal norms.

Freedom of Speech and Expression

The CBFC often faces criticism for allegedly curbing freedom of speech and expression. Filmmakers argue that the board’s demands for cuts and edits sometimes dilute the essence of their work. However, the CBFC maintains that its role is to balance creative freedom with societal values and legal guidelines.

OTT Censorship in India

With the rise of Over-The-Top (OTT) platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime, the need for regulating digital content has gained attention. While the CBFC certifies films for theatrical release, OTT platforms are currently self-regulated under the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021.

Film Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT)

The Film Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT) was established to hear appeals against CBFC decisions. However, the FCAT was abolished in 2021 through the Tribunals Reforms (Rationalisation and Conditions of Service) Ordinance, 2021. Filmmakers now need to approach the High Court to appeal against CBFC decisions.

Criticism of CBFC

The CBFC has faced criticism for various reasons, including:

• Bribery Allegations: Some filmmakers have accused the board of corruption.
• Political Interference: Critics argue that the CBFC sometimes acts as an extension of the government.
• Lack of Transparency: The certification process is often seen as opaque.
• Curtailing Creative Freedom: Filmmakers claim that the board’s demands for cuts violate their freedom of expression.

Way Forward

To address these challenges, the following steps can be taken:

• Use of Technology: AI can be employed to ensure unbiased certification.
• Awareness Campaigns: Filmmakers and advisory panel members should be educated about certification guidelines.
• Independent Functioning: The CBFC should operate without political or external influence.

The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) plays a crucial role in regulating Indian cinema. By balancing creative freedom with societal values, the CBFC ensures that films are suitable for diverse audiences. Understanding its functions and challenges helps us appreciate its significance in shaping Indian cinema.

CBFC FAQs