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Biosphere Reserves in India are designated areas that protect natural ecosystems while promoting sustainable human development. These reserves are recognized under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme, ensuring a balance between conservation and livelihood needs. Currently, India has 18 Biosphere Reserves, each contributing to biodiversity conservation and research.

In this article we will provide a comprehensive overview, covering all Biosphere Reserves in India, their objectives, benefits, and key details about the first and smallest reserves.

Also Read:  National Parks In India

What Are Biosphere Reserves?

Biosphere Reserves are large areas that include terrestrial, marine, and coastal ecosystems. They serve as protected regions where conservation efforts are integrated with sustainable human activities. These reserves aim to:

• Conserve biodiversity and genetic resources.
• Encourage sustainable economic development in local communities.
• Support scientific research, education, and awareness programs.
• Act as sites for testing sustainable land use practices.

How Many Biosphere Reserves Are There in India?

As of 2025, India has 18 Biosphere Reserves. Out of these, 12 are recognized under UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR). These reserves cover diverse ecological zones, from the Himalayas to coastal and desert regions.

Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme

The Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme, launched by UNESCO in 1971, promotes conservation, sustainable development, and research. India follows this program to protect its biodiversity while ensuring economic growth.

Implementation in India

• Started in 1986 under the Government of India.
• Financial assistance:
  • 90:10 ratio for Northeast and Himalayan states.
  • 60:40 ratio for other states.
  • Management plans are monitored by the Central MAB Committee.

List of Biosphere Reserves in India 2025 Sate-Wise

India has a rich and diverse natural heritage with unique ecosystems and a wide variety of plants and animals. To protect these valuable resources and support sustainable living, the country has set up 18 Biosphere Reserves.

These reserves, recognized under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme, provide safe habitats for endangered species and help protect different ecosystems. From the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in the south to the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve in the north, each plays an important role in conserving nature. Below is the list of Biosphere Reserves in India.

Here is the complete list of all Biosphere Reserves in India, including their year of establishment, states covered, and key species protected.

First Biosphere Reserve in India

The first Biosphere Reserve in India was Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, established in 1986. It spans across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala and is home to unique flora and fauna like the Nilgiri Tahr, Lion-tailed Macaque, and Malabar Giant Squirrel.

Smallest Biosphere Reserve in India

The smallest Biosphere Reserve in India is Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in Meghalaya, covering just 820 km². It is home to the Red Panda, Hoolock Gibbon, and unique citrus plant species.

Biosphere Reserves Recognized by UNESCO

Out of the 18 Biosphere Reserves in India, 12 are recognized by UNESCO. These reserves receive global recognition and funding support.

Importance of Biosphere Reserves

Biosphere Reserves play a crucial role in conserving biodiversity, protecting endangered species, and maintaining ecological balance. They also promote sustainable development by supporting research, education, and local community participation in conservation efforts. Importance of Biosphere Reserves include:

• Conservation of Biodiversity: Biosphere Reserves protect endangered species and ecosystems. They help conserve rare plants and animals by preserving their natural habitats.
• Sustainable Development: These reserves promote eco-friendly tourism, organic farming, and traditional practices that benefit local communities.
• Climate Change Mitigation: Forests and wetlands in Biosphere Reserves act as carbon sinks, reducing global warming effects.
• Research and Education: Scientists study wildlife behavior, climate impact, and conservation techniques in these reserves.
• Cultural Preservation: Biosphere Reserves protect the indigenous tribes, their traditions, and sustainable living practices.

Challenges in Managing Biosphere Reserves

Managing Biosphere Reserves is challenging due to habitat destruction, climate change, and human encroachments. Challenges of managing Biosphere Reserves include:

• Human Encroachment: Expanding agriculture and settlements threaten these reserves.
• Deforestation & Poaching: Illegal logging and hunting harm biodiversity.
• Climate Change: Rising temperatures affect species and water availability.
• Lack of Funding: Conservation programs often face financial constraints.

Conclusion

Biosphere Reserves in India play a crucial role in protecting biodiversity, cultural heritage, and sustainable development. As of 2025, there are 18 Biosphere Reserves, with 12 internationally recognized by UNESCO.

By ensuring a balance between conservation and human needs, these reserves help in protecting the environment while supporting local communities. Strengthening conservation efforts will ensure that these precious ecosystems continue to thrive for future generations.

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Biosphere Reserves in India FAQs

What are Biosphere reserves?

 Biosphere reserves are protected areas designated to conserve biodiversity, promote sustainable development, and support research and education. They aim to balance human activities with environmental conservation.

Are Biosphere reserves and National Parks the same?

 No, Biosphere reserves focus on conservation, sustainable development, and research, while National Parks primarily aim to protect wildlife and ecosystems with minimal human interference.

Which is the first Biosphere reserve in India?

The first Biosphere reserve in India is the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, established in 1986, located in the Western Ghats and spanning Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala.

Which is the largest Biosphere reserve in India?

 The largest Biosphere reserve in India is the Great Rann of Kutch in Gujarat, covering an area of approximately 12,454 square kilometers.

Which is the smallest Biosphere reserve in India?

The smallest Biosphere reserve in India is the Dibru-Saikhowa in Assam, covering an area of about 765 square kilometers.

How many biosphere reserves are there in India?

As of now, there are 18 biosphere reserves in India, recognized for their ecological significance and conservation efforts.

When was Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve included in the list of UNESCO Biosphere Reserve?

The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was included in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2000