SMALL MODULAR REACTORS (SMRS) (Syllabus: GS Paper 2 – Sci and Tech)

Context: The Budget 2024-25 highlights 'Bharat Small Reactors' (BSR) as a key initiative for advancing clean energy and ensuring energy security.

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)

• Definition: These are small nuclear fission reactors designed for factory construction, transportation to operational sites, and use for powering buildings or commercial operations.
• Physical Characteristics:

o Small: These reactors are much smaller in size compared to conventional nuclear reactors.

o Modular: SMRs are designed to be factory-assembled and then transported as a complete unit for installation.

o Reactors: SMRs utilize nuclear fission to generate heat, which is then converted into energy.

• Capacity: SMRs can produce up to 300 MW(e) per unit, about one-third of traditional nuclear reactors' generating capacity, contributing significant low-carbon electricity.
• Frequency: SMRs generally require refueling every 3 to 7 years, compared to 1 to 2 years for conventional reactors. Some SMRs can operate up to 30 years without refueling.

Benefits of SMRs

• Design Advantages: The small and modular nature of SMRs offers several benefits.
• Locational Accommodation: SMRs can be installed in locations unsuitable for larger nuclear plants.
• Affordability: Prefabricated units reduce construction and installation costs.
• Easy Construction: SMRs lower construction costs and times and can be deployed incrementally.

SMR in India

• Current Status: India operates 15 Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWR) of 220 MW each, contributing half of its 6780 MW nuclear power capacity.
• Future Prospects: The government is considering converting PHWRs into SMRs to enhance their efficiency and capabilities.