HEAT DOME (Syllabus: GS Paper 1 – Geography)

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Context: A sweltering heatwave has engulfed the entire western United States, with California being the hardest hit as a dozen cities break all-time high-temperature records. This scorching heat and dry conditions are due to a heat dome centered over California.

Heat Dome

About: It is a type of high-pressure system that forms over a large area in the atmosphere, and causes extremely hot and dry weather conditions.
Formation of Clear Skies: As the warm air is not able to rise upward, the sky remains clear since clouds form under the opposite circumstances when rising warm air cools down and condenses.
Increased Sunlight Exposure: The high-pressure system allows more sunlight to reach the earth, resulting in more warming and drying of the soil.
Solar Heating Effect: The trapped air undergoes heating from the sun over time, contributing to a gradual increase in temperature.
Duration of Heat Domes: While heat domes usually endure for a few days, they can persist for weeks, often resulting in hazardous heat waves.
Atmospheric Compression and Temperature Rise: Under high pressure, descending air undergoes compression, intensifying both its warmth and dryness, consequently elevating temperatures.
Role of the Jet Stream: A heat dome’s formation is tied to the behaviour of the jet stream, an area of fast-moving air high in the atmosphere that usually helps move weather systems along the Earth’s surface.

Impact of Climate Change on Heat Domes

Scientists are still debating how climate change impacts blocking weather events that cause heat domes, but rising global temperatures have made heat domes larger and more intense.
A 2021 study by 27 climate researchers from the World Weather Attribution found that the searing temperatures during the 2021 heat dome in Canada would have been virtually impossible without human-caused climate change.
A study published in Nature in 2023 indicated that the intensity of heat domes is outpacing the rate of global warming, suggesting that climate change is fuelling their intensity.

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