GIRAFFE EXTINTION THREATS (Syllabus: GS Paper 3 – Env and Eco)

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Context: A recent study (Global Change Biology) highlights the five biggest threats that could lead to the extinction of giraffes.

Giraffes are the world’s tallest mammals and an African icon, but they are also vulnerable to extinction.
Giraffe populations have declined by 40 per cent in the last 30 years, and there are now fewer than 70,000 mature individuals left in the wild.

Key Highlights of Study

The study used data from more than 3,100 giraffes identified over eight years in an unfenced 4,500km² area of the Tarangire ecosystem in Tanzania.
Giraffes need large areas of savanna with abundant native bushes and trees to feed on.
The biggest threat to giraffes is the degradation, fragmentation and loss of their habitats through human activities such as farming and human settlement expansion.
Habitat loss outside protected areas is the main reason for the recent decline in giraffe numbers.
Insufficient Law Enforcement: Another major threat to giraffes is illegal hunting (poaching) for bushmeat markets. This is usually controlled by international criminal syndicates.
Ecological changes: Giraffes are human-caused ecological changes that affect their food availability and mobility.
These changes include deforestation of savannas for fuelwood and charcoal production, mining activity, and road and pipeline building.
Climate change: Climate change from human-caused carbon dioxide pollution is forecast to increase temperatures and rainfall in many African savanna areas.

Giraffes

Giraffes are exotic species to India and are conserved under captivity.
The British brought northern giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis) from their African colonies to India 150 years ago.
Now giraffes in India comprise a captive population of 29 giraffes in 11 zoos across the country.
A recent study at Kolkata Zoological Garden shows that these giraffes may belong to different varieties of species.

o Nubian giraffes - IUCN status - Critically Endangered

o Rothschild giraffe - IUCN status - Endangered

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