Context: Analyzing the scope of base wage policy at a time when at least half a dozen states are in a rush to pass a law that reserves 75% of all jobs for locals.
Issues with the policy of job reservation for locals
- Deemed unconstitutional
- Unlikely to increase employment
- Negative connotation when compared to subsidizing skill-building and training, infrastructure up-gradation etc.
Background to the Minimum Wage: It is argued that rather than the stick approach of a job quota, a carrot approach of giving fiscal incentives for creating jobs for locals has a better chance of success.
Minimum Wage Policy in India
- Code on Wages Act, 2019: Combined labour laws on payment of wages, remuneration and bonuses.
- State subject: Labour is a state subject, and hence minimum wage varies from state to state.
- Remuneration: National minimum around Rs.176 per day for unskilled labour; barely above World Bank poverty norm of $2 per day - Translates to income of Rs.4,400 per month.
Arguments against raising base wage- Neo classical bogey
- Leads to rationing and shortages of labour: It has the same impact as any other price ceiling. A wage floor will neither create employment nor reduce poverty.
- Won’t help workers: Will lead to more automation and skew the mix away from labour to capital – as articulated by Milton Freidman as a reaction to minimum wage legislation of 1938 in the US.
Arguments for raising the base wage
- Changes in the minimum wage did not affect employment: as suggested by some empirical studies.
- For E.g. The stylized fact is that if you pay a McDonald’s worker 10% more, the price of a burger goes up by maybe 25 cents. That does not affect sales volumes at all.
- Benefits to employers: Higher pay for low-skilled workers reduces churn and decreases the overall cost of training and retention of workers for their employers.
- Scope and Applicability: Phenomenon of moderately higher wages being passed on to consumers works in non-tradable service sectors, or indeed for a variety of jobs like janitors, cleaners, courier etc.
- Social benefit: Welfare of minimum wage labourers paid by large diffused mass of consumers.
Conclusion: Minimum Wage has to be large enough to make a material difference to workers but small enough to keep demand inelastic.