{"id":4129,"date":"2025-07-01T17:59:49","date_gmt":"2025-07-01T12:29:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=4129"},"modified":"2025-10-16T17:17:28","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T11:47:28","slug":"birsa-munda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/birsa-munda\/","title":{"rendered":"Birsa Munda Biography: Life, Ulgulan, Legacy, and Contribution to India\u2019s Freedom Struggle"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<label class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/label>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/birsa-munda\/#Birsa_Munda_Overview\" >Birsa Munda Overview<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/birsa-munda\/#Birsa_Munda_Contribution_to_Indias_Independence_Movement\" >Birsa Munda Contribution to India\u2019s Independence Movement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/birsa-munda\/#Birsa_Munda_Enduring_Legacy\" >Birsa Munda Enduring Legacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/birsa-munda\/#Munda_Uprising_1899-1900\" >Munda Uprising 1899-1900<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/birsa-munda\/#Birsa_Munda_Death\" >Birsa Munda Death<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/birsa-munda\/#Birsa_Munda_FAQs\" >Birsa Munda FAQs?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><b>Birsa Munda (1875\u20131900)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was a charismatic tribal leader, freedom fighter, and revered folk hero from the Munda community in present-day Jharkhand, India. Born in a humble village in the Chotanagpur region, he emerged as a formidable voice against British colonial oppression and the exploitation of indigenous communities. Endowed with profound spiritual insight and an indomitable spirit, Birsa galvanized the tribal populace and revolted against the British Raj and local landlords who usurped tribal lands and resources. His revolutionary zeal, rooted in socio-economic justice and cultural resurgence, sought to restore tribal autonomy and dignity. Proclaiming himself a divine messenger, he blended spiritual fervor with political activism, inspiring thousands to resist injustice. He is a symbol of indigenous resilience and defiance, etched in India\u2019s struggle for freedom and social equity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Birsa_Munda_Overview\"><\/span><b>Birsa Munda Overview<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birsa Munda was a visionary tribal leader, freedom fighter, and cultural icon from the Munda tribe in the Chhota nagpur Plateau, now part of Jharkhand, India. He is a pivotal figure in India\u2019s resistance against British colonial rule and socio-economic exploitation.Here is overview of Birsa munda:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Aspect<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Full Name<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birsa Munda<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birth<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BirthNovember 15, 1875, Ulihatu, Chota Nagpur Plateau (now Jharkhand, India)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Community<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Munda Tribe<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Role<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tribal Leader, Freedom Fighter, Spiritual Reformer, Folk Hero<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Key Movement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birsait Movement (Spiritual and socio-political reform)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major Rebellion<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ulgulan (Great Rebellion, 1899\u20131900) against British rule and landlords<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Objective<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Restore tribal autonomy, reclaim land, resist colonial and cultural oppression<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Method<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Led guerrilla attacks on British outposts, mobilized tribal communities<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Death<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">June 9, 1900, Ranchi jail (officially cholera, suspected foul play), aged 25<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Significance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Icon of tribal rights, social justice, and anti-colonial struggle<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Birsa_Munda_Contribution_to_Indias_Independence_Movement\"><\/span><b>Birsa Munda Contribution to India\u2019s Independence Movement<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birsa Munda\u2019s leadership in the Munda Uprising (Ulgulan) of 1899\u20131900 stands as a crucial chapter in India\u2019s resistance against British colonial rule. This revolt was a direct challenge to the British administration\u2019s exploitative measures, such as new land revenue policies and restrictive Forest Acts that curtailed tribal communities\u2019 access to their ancestral lands.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Munda Uprising (Ulgulan<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">): Birsa Munda spearheaded the Munda Uprising (1899\u20131900), a significant tribal rebellion against British oppression, opposing unjust land policies and forest regulations that marginalized tribal communities.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Establishment of Munda Raj<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Birsa rallied tribal groups under the banner of \u2018Munda Raj,\u2019 promoting self-governance and orchestrating guerrilla warfare against colonial forces. He attacked symbols of British authority, galvanizing tribal unity in the fight for autonomy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Icon of Tribal Defiance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Birsa\u2019s rallying cry, \u201cAbua raj seter jana, maharani raj tundu jana\u201d (\u201cEnd the queen\u2019s rule, establish our own governance\u201d), encapsulated his vision for tribal sovereignty and self-determination.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Champion of Tribal Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Birsa fiercely opposed the alienation of tribal lands and fought for their restoration, influencing the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908. This legislation barred the transfer of tribal lands to non-tribals and upheld traditional rights over land, water, and forests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Spiritual Leadership:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Birsa founded the \u2018Birsait\u2019 religion, merging animist traditions with social reforms. He encouraged his followers to abandon superstitions and embrace indigenous values, earning him the title Dharti Aba (Father of the Earth).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Birsa_Munda_Enduring_Legacy\"><\/span><b>Birsa Munda Enduring Legacy<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birsa Munda is revered as a tribal icon, with November 15 celebrated as \u2018Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas\u2019 to honor his contributions to India\u2019s freedom struggle. Jharkhand\u2019s formation on his birth anniversary in 2000 further cements his legacy. A museum in Ranchi and initiatives like the \u2018PM-JANMAN\u2019 program, aimed at empowering tribal communities, reflect his vision of justice and equity.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Legacy and Recognition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Birsa Munda is celebrated as a pivotal figure in Jharkhand, with \u2018Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas\u2019 on November 15 honoring tribal contributions to India\u2019s independence movement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Government Programs<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The \u2018PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN)\u2019 initiative underscores ongoing efforts to uplift marginalized tribal groups, aligning with Birsa Munda\u2019s mission of fairness and empowerment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Jharkhand\u2019s Foundation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The state of Jharkhand was established on November 15, 2000, coinciding with Birsa Munda\u2019s birth anniversary, as a tribute to his vision of tribal autonomy and dignity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Policy Impact<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Birsa\u2019s advocacy for tribal land rights influenced the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act of 1908, which protected tribal lands from being transferred to non-tribals and recognized traditional community rights over land, water, and forests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Cultural and Spiritual Influence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Through the Birsait faith, Birsa blended animist traditions with social reforms, promoting tribal identity and self-reliance. His title, Dharti Aba (Father of the Earth), reflects his revered status as a protector of tribal culture and values.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Munda_Uprising_1899-1900\"><\/span><b>Munda Uprising 1899-1900<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the British implemented new land revenue systems like the zamindari system in Chota Nagpur, replacing the traditional tribal Khuntkatti system\u2014where land was communally owned\u2014the livelihoods of tribal communities were severely disrupted. This shift allowed outsiders, such as moneylenders, landlords, and merchants, to seize tribal lands, transforming indigenous owners into landless laborers forced to toil under new overlords. These landlords enforced Bandhua Majdoori (bonded labor), compelling tribals to work in harsh conditions without fair wages. Additionally, tribals faced exorbitant rent for cultivating land and crippling interest rates, deepening their exploitation.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-5575\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-107-0 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-5575 ml-slider has-dots-nav ms-theme-default-base\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"New Slideshow\" data-height=\"300\" data-width=\"700\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_5575\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_5575\">\n            <ul aria-live='off' class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5579 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"400-X-180cdr-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/upsc-qep-2026-batch-5-english\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/400-X-180cdr-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5579 msDefaultImage\" title=\"400 X 180cdr\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5580 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/qep-pocket-notes-2.0\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5580 msDefaultImage\" title=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5581 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/toppers-handwritten-upsc-pyq-4-books\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5581 msDefaultImage\" title=\"web site banner toppers book. 400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><b>Revolt<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Munda Uprising, also called Ulgulan or &#8220;The Great Revolt,&#8221; arose as a response to this land dispossession and coercive conversion practices.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0From 1894, Birsa Munda rallied the Munda tribals against the British and external exploiters, termed Dikus, establishing an autonomous Munda Raj in 1895. The rebels adopted a white flag as the emblem of their independent rule and employed guerrilla warfare, targeting churches, police outposts, and other symbols of British and Diku authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Leveraging his leadership and eloquence, Birsa united diverse tribal groups from the forests of Chotanagpur, Bengal, and Odisha, including the Oraons and Kharias, against the British and their local allies (thekedars).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, in March 1900, the British apprehended Birsa and his followers during a forest encampment. Imprisoned, he succumbed to cholera a few months later.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His death dealt a significant blow to the movement, and the British quashed the uprising through relentless military counterattacks. Many rebels were captured, jailed, or executed, leading to the movement\u2019s complete suppression by mid-1900. Despite its defeat, the uprising underscored the tribals\u2019 ability to challenge injustice and resist oppression, leaving a lasting legacy of defiance.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><b>Chotanagpur Tenancy (CNT) Act of 1908<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chotanagpur Tenancy (CNT) Act of 1908 was enacted by the British following the tribal uprising. This legislation mandated the establishment and upkeep of land records while introducing a distinct landholding category called &#8220;Mundari Khuntkattidar,&#8221; recognizing the original Munda settlers. It also placed restrictions on transferring tribal land to non-tribal individuals. Furthermore, the CNT Act ensured the documentation of traditional community rights, encompassing access to water, forests, and land (Jal, Jungle, and Zameen). These rights covered the use of forest resources, cattle grazing, and the reclamation of uncultivated land for rice farming (Korkar), thereby protecting the land rights of tribal communities.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><b>Statue of Rebellion<\/b><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birsa Munda\u2019s legacy, etched in history, embodies the essence of defiance and perseverance in the pursuit of a fair and liberated society. Reflecting this spirit, the Prime Minister unveiled a museum in Ranchi in 2021, situated at the Old Central Jail, where Birsa Munda breathed his last. The statue of Birsa Munda within the museum stands as a symbol of the Ulgulan (uprising) and enduring remembrance. The museum also honors other tribal freedom fighters, including Budhu Bhagat, Sidhu-Kanhu, Gaya Munda, Jatra Bhagat, Poto H, Nilambar-Pitambar, Bhagirath Manjhi, Diwa-Kisun, Telanga Khadiya, and Ganga Narayan Singh, who sacrificed their lives for tribal sovereignty.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Birsa\u2019s birth anniversary in 2025, the Prime Minister launched a Rs 24,000-crore initiative for marginalized tribal communities, named the PM Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan (PM-JANMAN).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0This program focuses on delivering welfare schemes effectively to India\u2019s remotest regions, prioritizing the empowerment of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Concurrently, the Prime Minister introduced the Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra, a nationwide campaign to raise awareness and ensure comprehensive coverage of welfare programs until January 26, 2024.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Birsa_Munda_Death\"><\/span><b>Birsa Munda Death<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Birsa Munda died on June 9, 1900, at the age of 24, in the Old Central Jail in Ranchi, Jharkhand. He was arrested by the British on March 3, 1900, following the Ulgulan (rebellion) against colonial oppression and land alienation in the Munda belt of Chotanagpur. Official records state he died of cholera while in custody, but there are widespread suspicions among tribal communities and historians that he may have been poisoned or killed by the British due to his revolutionary activities.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Birsa_Munda_FAQs\"><\/span><b>Birsa Munda FAQs?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-4131 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-4131{ position: relative; }#sp-ea-4131 .ea-card{ opacity: 0;}#eap-preloader-4131{ position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: center;}#sp-ea-4131.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-4131.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-4131.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-4131.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-4131.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  padding: 7px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  margin-right: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single{\r\n background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ea-expand a{\r\n  background: #cfe2ff !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion{\r\n  margin-bottom: 1rem;\r\n  margin-top: 1rem;\r\n}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1751365171\"><div id=\"sp-ea-4131\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"1\" data-scroll-active-item=\"1\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\"><div id=\"eap-preloader-4131\" class=\"accordion-preloader\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-accordion-free\/public\/assets\/ea_loader.svg\" alt=\"Loader image\"\/><\/div><div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-41310\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse41310\" aria-controls=\"collapse41310\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> Who was Birsa Munda?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse41310\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-4131\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-41310\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0Birsa Munda (1875\u20131900) was a tribal freedom fighter, social reformer, and spiritual leader from the Munda tribe in the Chotanagpur region (now Jharkhand, India). Known as Dharti Aaba (Father of the Earth), he led the Ulgulan (rebellion) against British colonial rule to protect tribal land rights and cultural identity.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-41311\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse41311\" aria-controls=\"collapse41311\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> When and where was Birsa Munda born?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse41311\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-4131\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-41311\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Birsa Munda was born on November 15, 1875, in Ulihatu, a village in the Khunti district of present-day Jharkhand, India.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-41312\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse41312\" aria-controls=\"collapse41312\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What was the Ulgulan?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse41312\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-4131\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-41312\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ulgulan (meaning \"Great Tumult\" or rebellion) was an armed uprising led by Birsa Munda from 1895 to 1900 against British authorities and local landlords. It aimed to resist land alienation, forced labor, and cultural suppression of tribal communities in the Chotanagpur region.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-41313\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse41313\" aria-controls=\"collapse41313\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Why is Birsa Munda celebrated?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse41313\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-4131\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-41313\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Birsa Munda is celebrated for his courage in fighting British oppression, defending tribal land rights, and revitalizing Munda culture and identity. His legacy is honored on Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas (November 15), which recognizes the contributions of tribal communities to India\u2019s history.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-41314\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse41314\" aria-controls=\"collapse41314\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How did Birsa Munda die?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse41314\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-4131\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-41314\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Birsa Munda died on June 9, 1900, at the age of 24, in the Old Central Jail in Ranchi, Jharkhand. Officially, his death was attributed to cholera, but many believe he was poisoned or killed by the British, though no conclusive evidence exists.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-41315\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse41315\" aria-controls=\"collapse41315\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the connection between Birsa Munda and the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse41315\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-4131\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-41315\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Chotanagpur Tenancy (CNT) Act of 1908 was enacted partly in response to Birsa Munda\u2019s Ulgulan, which highlighted the exploitation of tribal lands. The Act introduced the Mundari Khuntkattidar category to recognize original Munda settlers, restricted land transfers to non-tribals, and protected customary rights to water, forests, and land (Jal, Jungle, Zameen), including grazing and reclamation of land for rice cultivation (Korkar).<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-41316\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse41316\" aria-controls=\"collapse41316\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse41316\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-4131\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-41316\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas is celebrated annually on November 15, Birsa Munda\u2019s birth anniversary, to honor the contributions of India\u2019s tribal communities to the nation\u2019s freedom struggle and cultural heritage. It was declared by the Indian government in 2021 as part of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore the inspiring life of Birsa Munda (1875\u20131900), a tribal freedom fighter and spiritual leader who led the Ulgulan movement against British rule. Learn about his birth, legacy, the Chotanagpur Tenancy Act, and Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas celebrated in his honor.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4138,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4129","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4129"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4129\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6008,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4129\/revisions\/6008"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4138"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4129"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4129"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4129"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}