{"id":3546,"date":"2025-06-03T16:43:07","date_gmt":"2025-06-03T11:13:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=3546"},"modified":"2025-10-18T13:17:05","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T07:47:05","slug":"kerala","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/","title":{"rendered":"Kerala: History, Culture, Rivers, National Parks, Polity and Economy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<label class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/label>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#Historical_Background_of_Kerala\" >Historical Background of Kerala<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#Geography_and_Climate_of_Kerala\" >Geography and Climate of Kerala<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#Demographics_of_Kerala\" >Demographics of Kerala<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#State_Symbols_of_Kerala\" >State Symbols of Kerala<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#Kerala_Polity_and_Administrative_Structure\" >Kerala Polity and Administrative Structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#Culture_and_Traditions_of_Kerala\" >Culture and Traditions of Kerala<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#Kerala_National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Sanctuaries\" >Kerala National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#Economic_Profile_of_Kerala\" >Economic Profile of Kerala<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/kerala\/#Kerala_FAQs\" >Kerala FAQs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3547\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/India-Kerela.png?resize=268%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"268\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/India-Kerela.png?resize=268%2C300&amp;ssl=1 268w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/India-Kerela.png?w=523&amp;ssl=1 523w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><b>Courtesy: Maps of India<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala, a prominent southern state of India, holds significant importance in the country&#8217;s socio-cultural and economic landscape. Known for its lush greenery, high literacy rate, and vibrant traditions, the state combines natural beauty with progressive development. Spanning 38,863 square kilometers, it is the 21st-largest state in India by area. As per the 2011 Census, Kerala has a population of over 33 million. Thiruvananthapuram, the state capital, serves as a major administrative and cultural hub, while cities like Kochi, Kozhikode, and Thrissur contribute to its economic and cultural prominence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Also Read:<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/indian-states-and-their-capitals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian States and Their Capitals<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Background_of_Kerala\"><\/span><b>Historical Background of Kerala<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala has a rich historical legacy dating back to ancient times, with trade links to Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Rome. The region was influenced by the Chera, Chola, and Pandya dynasties, which played a crucial role in shaping its early culture and trade. The arrival of St. Thomas the Apostle in 52 AD marked the beginning of Christianity in Kerala, while Arab traders introduced Islam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the medieval period, Kerala was divided into several small kingdoms, including the Zamorin of Calicut and the Kingdom of Travancore. The Portuguese, Dutch, and British established colonial influence through trade, particularly in spices. Post-independence, Kerala was formed in 1956 under the States Reorganisation Act, merging Malayalam-speaking regions into a single administrative unit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also Read:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2870&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andhra Pradesh<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Geography_and_Climate_of_Kerala\"><\/span><b>Geography and Climate of Kerala<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3548\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Keral.png?resize=217%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"217\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Keral.png?resize=217%2C300&amp;ssl=1 217w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Keral.png?w=426&amp;ssl=1 426w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 217px) 100vw, 217px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala is situated on the Malabar Coast in southern India, bordered by Karnataka to the north, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea to the west. The state features diverse geographical zones, including coastal plains, Western Ghats mountain ranges, and backwaters. Known for its tropical climate, Kerala experiences heavy monsoon rains, contributing to its rich biodiversity and lush landscapes.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Geographical Features<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Coastal Plains &amp; Backwaters (dominant landform)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Western Ghats (mountain range) &amp; midland hills<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; River systems: Periyar, Bharathapuzha, Pamba<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Longest river: Periyar (~244 km in Kerala)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Shortest major river: Manjeswaram Puzha (~16 km)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Highest peak: Anamudi (2,695 m)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Smallest peak: Ponmudi Hill (1,100 m elevation)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Lowest point: Coastal areas (sea level)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Rich in biodiversity (tropical forests, spices) &amp; water resources<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Climate Type<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tropical Monsoon (hot &amp; humid with heavy rainfall)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Seasons<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><b>Summer (Mar\u2013May)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Hot &amp; humid<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Monsoon (Jun\u2013Sep)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Heavy rainfall (SW monsoon)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Post-Monsoon (Oct\u2013Dec)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Retreating monsoon (occasional rains)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Winter (Jan\u2013Feb)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Mild &amp; pleasant<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Climate Variation<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><b>Western Ghats<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Very high rainfall (&gt;5,000 mm in some areas)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Midlands<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Moderate rainfall (2,500\u20133,500 mm)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Coastal areas<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Humid with high rainfall (~3,000 mm)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Eastern slopes (rain shadow regions)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Drier (~1,500 mm)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Demographics_of_Kerala\"><\/span><b>Demographics of Kerala<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per the 2011 Census, Kerala had a population of 33.4 million. The population density stands at 860 persons per square kilometer. The sex ratio is 1,084 females per 1,000 males, significantly above the national average.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Literacy Rate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: The state recorded a literacy rate of 94.0%, with male literacy at 96.1% and female literacy at 92.1%.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Languages Spoken<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Malayalam (official language)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tamil<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kannada<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Tulu<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Konkani<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"State_Symbols_of_Kerala\"><\/span><b>State Symbols of Kerala<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Each state has its own symbols. Following are the state symbols of Kerala:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3549\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/State-symbol-or-keral.png?resize=260%2C208&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"260\" height=\"208\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Symbol<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Name<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Animal<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indian Elephant<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Bird<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Great Hornbill<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Tree<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coconut Palm<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Flower<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Golden Shower (Kanikonna)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These symbols reflect Kerala\u2019s cultural heritage and ecological diversity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also Read:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/chhattisgarh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chattisgarh<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-5575\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-107-0 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-5575 ml-slider has-dots-nav ms-theme-default-base\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"New Slideshow\" data-height=\"300\" data-width=\"700\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_5575\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_5575\">\n            <ul aria-live='off' class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5579 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"400-X-180cdr-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/upsc-qep-2026-batch-5-english\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/400-X-180cdr-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5579 msDefaultImage\" title=\"400 X 180cdr\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5580 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/qep-pocket-notes-2.0\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5580 msDefaultImage\" title=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5581 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/toppers-handwritten-upsc-pyq-4-books\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5581 msDefaultImage\" title=\"web site banner toppers book. 400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kerala_Polity_and_Administrative_Structure\"><\/span><b>Kerala Polity and Administrative Structure<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala follows a unicameral legislature, consisting of the Legislative Assembly (Vidhana Sabha).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3550\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Dist.-of-keral.png?resize=268%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"268\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Dist.-of-keral.png?resize=268%2C300&amp;ssl=1 268w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Dist.-of-keral.png?w=528&amp;ssl=1 528w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>State Formation<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formed on November 1, 1956 (reorganized under States Reorganisation Act).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Chief Minister<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pinarayi Vijayan (Since 2021)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Party: CPI(M)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Focus: Social welfare, education, healthcare<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Governor<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arif Mohammed Khan<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; In office since September 6, 2019<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Chief Justice (High Court)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hon&#8217;ble Justice A.J. Desai<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Assumed office: 2023<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; High Court located in Kochi<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Legislature Type<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unicameral (Legislative Assembly)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Legislative Assembly Members<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">140 elected members<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Lok Sabha Representation<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">20 Members<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Rajya Sabha Representation<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">9 Members (indirectly elected)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Districts<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14 (as of 2024)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Local Governance Units<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Divided into districts, taluks, and gram panchayats<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Also Read:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/assam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assam<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Culture_and_Traditions_of_Kerala\"><\/span><b>Culture and Traditions of Kerala<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala\u2019s culture reflects a rich blend of classical heritage, folk traditions, festivals, and art forms shaped by its ancient trade links, diverse communities, and regional influences.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3551\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Culture-of-kerela.png?resize=300%2C174&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Culture-of-kerela.png?resize=300%2C174&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Culture-of-kerela.png?w=615&amp;ssl=1 615w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Classical Dance of Kerala<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kathakali and Mohiniyattam are prominent.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Kathakali<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; A classical dance-drama with roots in 17th century Kerala.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Features: Elaborate costumes, vibrant makeup (especially facial colors), and rhythmic music.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Themes: Epics like Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Puranic stories.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Unique Aspect: Combines intricate mudras (hand gestures), facial expressions and footwork, often performed overnight.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Theatre Art of Kerala<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala has a vibrant tradition of folk and classical theatre.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Koodiyattam<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient Sanskrit theatre recognized by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Theyyam<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ritualistic performance where dancers embody deities, with elaborate costumes and makeup.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Tholpavakoothu<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shadow puppetry showcasing stories from Ramayana, accompanied by traditional music.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Folk Music of Kerala<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reflects the state&#8217;s agrarian lifestyle and devotional fervor.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Oppana<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional Muslim bridal songs performed in groups with clapping.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Mappila Paattu<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Folk songs blending Malayalam and Arabic influences.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Margam Kali<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional group dance of Syrian Christians performed in circular formation.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Classical Music in Kerala<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala contributes significantly to Carnatic music tradition.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Performance Traditions<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Concerts, Sopana Sangeetham (temple music), and Kathakali music are integral to cultural life.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Festivals<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Onam: 10-day harvest festival with boat races, floral carpets (Pookalam) and feasts.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Vishu: Malayalam New Year marked by Vishukkani and fireworks.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Thrissur Pooram: Grand temple festival with caparisoned elephants and percussion ensembles.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Christmas, Eid, and Easter widely celebrated.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Nehru Trophy Boat Race: Spectacular snake boat races in Alappuzha.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Arts and Crafts<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala boasts a rich legacy of handicrafts and traditional arts.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Kerala Kasavu<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Traditional off-white sarees with golden borders, worn during festivals.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Coir Products<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Eco-friendly products made from coconut fiber.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Aranmula Kannadi<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unique metal mirrors made using secret traditional techniques.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Nettipattam<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intricate elephant caparisons made of gold-plated metal.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Architecture<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala showcases unique vernacular style with influences from Dravidian and foreign traders.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Padmanabhapuram Palace<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wooden palace showcasing traditional Kerala architecture.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Vadakkunnathan Temple<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Classic example of Kerala temple architecture with murals and wood carvings.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Jewish Synagogue, Kochi<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Features Chinese tiles and Belgian chandeliers, reflecting Kerala&#8217;s multicultural history.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Kerala Murals<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ancient temple art form depicting mythological scenes in natural pigments.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Also Read:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/bihar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bihar<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kerala_National_Parks_and_Wildlife_Sanctuaries\"><\/span><b>Kerala National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala is home to diverse ecosystems, ranging from Western Ghats rainforests to grasslands, preserved in its national parks and sanctuaries.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3552\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Kerela-National-park.png?resize=189%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Kerela-National-park.png?resize=189%2C300&amp;ssl=1 189w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Kerela-National-park.png?w=204&amp;ssl=1 204w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 189px) 100vw, 189px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>National Parks in Kerala<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Eravikulam National Park<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Idukki district)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Known for:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Shola grasslands, endangered Nilgiri tahr, and Neelakurinji flowers (blooms once every 12 years)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 97 sq. km<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Periyar National Park<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Known for:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Periyar Lake, tigers, elephants, and boat safaris<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 305 sq. km<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Silent Valley National Park<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Palakkad district)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Known for:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Tropical evergreen forests, lion-tailed macaques<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 89.52 sq. km<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Largest National Park<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Periyar National Park<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 305 sq. km<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Location:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Key features:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Tiger reserve, artificial lake, and high biodiversity<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Smallest National Park<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Pampadum Shola National Park<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1.32 sq. km<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Location:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Idukki district<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Key features:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Montane grasslands, shola forests, and rare birds<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Notable Wildlife Sanctuaries<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b> <b>Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b> <b>Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b> <b>Thattekad Bird Sanctuary<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Neighboring States and Boundaries<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Karnataka to the north, Tamil Nadu to the east<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kerala has a <\/span><b>590 km coastline<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> along the Arabian Sea<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Ramsar Sites in Kerala<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Vembanad-Kol Wetland<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2002)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Known for:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Largest lake in Kerala, backwaters, and migratory birds<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Ashtamudi Wetland<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2002)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Known for:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Estuarine system supporting diverse aquatic life<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>UNESCO World Heritage Sites<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Western Ghats<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2012) &#8211; Covers Kerala sites including Agasthyamalai, Periyar, and Silent Valley<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Nilgiri Mountain Railway<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2005) &#8211; Extends into Kerala (part of Mountain Railways of India)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Tiger Reserves in Kerala<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Periyar Tiger Reserve<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 925 sq. km<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Notified:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 1978<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Parambikulam Tiger Reserve<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Area:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 643.66 sq. km<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><b>Notified:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2009<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Also Read:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=1942&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <b>National Parks in India<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economic_Profile_of_Kerala\"><\/span><b>Economic Profile of Kerala<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The economy of Kerala is diversified, with strong IT, manufacturing, and agricultural sectors, supported by robust infrastructure and innovation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3553\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/Eco.-Kerela.png?resize=289%2C201&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"289\" height=\"201\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Key Sectors<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Information Technology: Technopark (Trivandrum) and Infopark (Kochi) emerging as IT hubs.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ayurveda &amp; Medical Tourism: Global destination for traditional medicine and wellness tourism.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Manufacturing: Shipbuilding (Cochin Shipyard), petroleum (Kochi Refinery), and rubber products.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Agriculture: Major producer of rubber, spices (pepper, cardamom), coconut, and tea.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Fisheries: Contributes significantly to marine exports and domestic consumption.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Major Projects<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kochi Metro: Urban transit system enhancing city connectivity.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Vizhinjam Port: Deep-sea international container transshipment terminal.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kochi Smart City: IT\/ITES hub with global partnerships.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> GAIL Pipeline: Natural gas infrastructure project across Kerala.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> K-Rail (SilverLine): Proposed semi-high-speed rail corridor.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Economic Overview<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GSDP for 2023\u201324: \u20b911.5 lakh crore, with a growth rate of 7.1%.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sector-wise Contribution (2023\u201324):<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Agriculture and Allied: 18%<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Industry: 24%<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Services: 58%<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The economy is driven by remittances, tourism, and services sector, with growing IT and healthcare industries.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Major Economic Centres<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kochi: Commercial capital with port, IT, and tourism (Cochin Port, Infopark).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Thiruvananthapuram: Government, IT (Technopark), and space research (VSSC).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kozhikode: Trade, commerce, and education hub.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Thrissur: Cultural capital with thriving gold trade and small industries.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kannur: Handloom and coir industry center.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>District-wise Economic Contribution<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ernakulam: \u20b93.2 lakh crore<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Thiruvananthapuram: \u20b92.1 lakh crore<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kozhikode: \u20b91.5 lakh crore<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Thrissur: \u20b91.3 lakh crore<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kannur: \u20b90.9 lakh crore<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ernakulam leads due to port activities, industries, and services sector.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Important Industrial Infrastructure<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Technopark, Trivandrum: First and largest IT park in Kerala.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Infopark, Kochi: Major IT\/ITES hub with global companies.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cochin Special Economic Zone: Export-oriented industrial area.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Cochin Shipyard: India&#8217;s largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kochi Refinery: Major petroleum processing plant.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-5575\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-107-0 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-5575 ml-slider has-dots-nav ms-theme-default-base\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"New Slideshow\" data-height=\"300\" data-width=\"700\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_5575\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_5575\">\n            <ul aria-live='off' class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5579 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"400-X-180cdr-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/upsc-qep-2026-batch-5-english\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/400-X-180cdr-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5579 msDefaultImage\" title=\"400 X 180cdr\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5580 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/qep-pocket-notes-2.0\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5580 msDefaultImage\" title=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5581 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/toppers-handwritten-upsc-pyq-4-books\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5581 msDefaultImage\" title=\"web site banner toppers book. 400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>Major &amp; Minor Ports of Kerala<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following is the list of major and minor ports of Kerala:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Port Name<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Type<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Location<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Key Features<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kochi Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kochi<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Largest container transshipment hub in India<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Handles spices, tea, and petroleum<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Home to Southern Naval Command (Indian Navy)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vizhinjam Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minor Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thiruvananthapuram<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Deep-sea port under construction<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Aims to rival Colombo as transshipment hub<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beypore Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minor Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kozhikode<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Historic timber trade port<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Known for traditional shipbuilding (Uru crafts)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Azheekkal Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minor Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kannur<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Major fishing and trade harbor<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Potential future LNG terminal site<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kollam Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Minor Port<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kollam<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Ancient port with Chinese trade links<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Now handles coastal cargo and fishing<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Also Read:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=1432&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statutory Bodies in India<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Mineral Resources in Kerala<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala has limited but significant mineral resources. Following are the mineral resources found in Kerala:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Mineral Resource<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Major Mining Areas \/ Districts<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details \/ Notes<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ilmenite<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alappuzha, Kollam<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Used in titanium production<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Found in coastal sands<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rutile<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Titanium dioxide mineral<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Recovered from beach sands<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monazite<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alappuzha, Kannur<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Contains rare earth elements &amp; thorium<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Atomic Minerals Directorate oversees mining<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Silica Sand<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kollam, Alappuzha<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; High purity silica for glass industry<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">China Clay<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Used in ceramics and paper industry<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Limestone<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Palakkad, Kannur<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Small deposits for cement production<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Graphite<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kollam, Pathanamthitta<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Limited mining activity<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bauxite<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kannur, Kasaragod<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Minor deposits<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><b>Also Read:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-mains-syllabus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Exam Syllabus<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><b>Unique and Notable Facts about Kerala<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Highest Literacy Rate<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Kerala has the highest literacy rate (96.2%) among Indian states.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Backwaters Ecosystem<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Unique 900km network of lagoons and canals, including Vembanad Lake (India&#8217;s longest lake).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ayurveda Hub<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Global center for traditional Ayurvedic medicine and wellness tourism.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>First Fully Electrified State<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Achieved 100% household electrification in 2017.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Highest Sex Ratio<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 1084 females per 1000 males (2011 Census), best in India.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>First Digital State<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: First to achieve 100% mobile connectivity and broadband to gram panchayats.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Spice Coast of India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Major producer of black pepper, cardamom, and cinnamon.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Highest Life Expectancy<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 75 years (compared to national average of 69 years).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>First State with 100% Banking Inclusion<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: All households have access to banking services.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Only State with Zero Power Shortages<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Surplus electricity generation capacity.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are you preparing for UPPCS Mains 2024?<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/qep-uppsc-mains-batch24-premium?utm_source=website&amp;utm_medium=courses_listing&amp;utm_campaign=courses\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Join IAShub&#8217;s UPPCS coaching batches<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to boost your preparation. Enroll now!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kerala, with its exceptional social development indicators, unique geography, and progressive policies, offers a distinct model of human development. Understanding Kerala&#8217;s achievements in health, education, and sustainable development is crucial for UPSC aspirants analyzing India&#8217;s regional diversity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kerala_FAQs\"><\/span><b>Kerala FAQs<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-3544 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-3544{ position: relative; }#sp-ea-3544 .ea-card{ opacity: 0;}#eap-preloader-3544{ position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: center;}#sp-ea-3544.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-3544.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-3544.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-3544.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-3544.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  padding: 7px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  margin-right: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single{\r\n background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ea-expand a{\r\n  background: #cfe2ff !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion{\r\n  margin-bottom: 1rem;\r\n  margin-top: 1rem;\r\n}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1748933584\"><div id=\"sp-ea-3544\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"1\" data-scroll-active-item=\"1\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\"><div id=\"eap-preloader-3544\" class=\"accordion-preloader\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-accordion-free\/public\/assets\/ea_loader.svg\" alt=\"Loader image\"\/><\/div><div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-35440\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse35440\" aria-controls=\"collapse35440\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> What is the historical significance of Kerala?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse35440\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3544\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-35440\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0Kerala has ancient trade links with Mesopotamia, Rome, and Arabia (3000 BCE). It was a major spice trade center and home to Jewish, Christian, and Muslim communities dating back 2000 years. Formed as a state in 1956 by merging Malabar, Cochin, and Travancore regions.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-35441\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse35441\" aria-controls=\"collapse35441\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What are the major rivers of Kerala?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse35441\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3544\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-35441\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0Kerala has 44 rivers including Periyar (longest), Bharathapuzha, Pamba, and Chaliyar. These west-flowing rivers are vital for irrigation, drinking water, and hydroelectric power.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-35442\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse35442\" aria-controls=\"collapse35442\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What are the key cultural traditions in Kerala?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse35442\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3544\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-35442\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kerala's culture includes classical art forms like Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Theyyam, and Koodiyattam (UNESCO heritage). Festivals like Onam, Vishu, and Thrissur Pooram are celebrated with grandeur.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-35443\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse35443\" aria-controls=\"collapse35443\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What are Kerala's key economic sectors?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse35443\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3544\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-35443\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Remittances from Gulf countries, tourism, spices, rubber, and IT (Kochi is emerging tech hub). Fisheries and coir industry also contribute significantly.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-35444\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse35444\" aria-controls=\"collapse35444\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are in Kerala?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse35444\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3544\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-35444\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Important protected areas include Periyar Tiger Reserve, Eravikulam National Park (home to Nilgiri Tahr), Silent Valley National Park, and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. Known for elephants, tigers, and endemic species.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore Kerala\u2019s rich heritage with insights on its history, polity, culture, rivers, national parks, and economic profile. Discover key facts about its geography, festivals, biodiversity, and development highlights. Courtesy: Maps of India.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3546"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6089,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3546\/revisions\/6089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}