{"id":3483,"date":"2025-05-31T19:12:30","date_gmt":"2025-05-31T13:42:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=3483"},"modified":"2025-10-18T13:19:32","modified_gmt":"2025-10-18T07:49:32","slug":"jammu-and-kashmir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/","title":{"rendered":"Jammu and Kashmir: History, Polity, Culture, Rivers, National Parks, and Economic Profile"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<label class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/label>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Historical_Background_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >Historical Background of Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Geography_and_Climate_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >Geography and Climate of Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Jammu_and_Kashmir_Neighboring_States_and_Boundaries\" >Jammu and Kashmir: Neighboring States and Boundaries<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Demographics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >Demographics of Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#State_Symbols_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >State Symbols of Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Jammu_and_Kashmir_Polity_and_Administrative_Structure\" >Jammu and Kashmir Polity and Administrative Structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Culture_and_Traditions_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >Culture and Traditions of Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#National_Parks_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >National Parks in Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Economic_Profile_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >Economic Profile of Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Mineral_Resources_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >Mineral Resources in Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Jammu_and_Kashmir_Government_Programs\" >Jammu and Kashmir Government Programs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Unique_and_Notable_Facts_about_Jammu_and_Kashmir\" >Unique and Notable Facts about Jammu and Kashmir<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jammu-and-kashmir\/#Jammu_and_Kashmir_FAQs\" >Jammu and Kashmir FAQs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu and Kashmir, located in the northernmost part of India, is known for its breathtaking landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and strategic significance. The region is famed for its handicrafts, tourism, and diverse geography ranging from plains to high-altitude mountains. Covering 55,538 square kilometers (Union Territory status as of 2019), it holds a unique position in India&#8217;s political and cultural landscape. According to the 2011 Census, Jammu and Kashmir had a population of over 12.5 million. Srinagar (in summer) and Jammu (in winter) serve as the twin capitals of the Union Territory.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3485\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Jammu-kashmir.jpg?resize=240%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Jammu-kashmir.jpg?resize=240%2C300&amp;ssl=1 240w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Jammu-kashmir.jpg?w=258&amp;ssl=1 258w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 240px) 100vw, 240px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Image: Maps of India<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also Read:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2906&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Operation Sindoor<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Background_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>Historical Background of Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The history of Jammu and Kashmir spans ancient Hindu and Buddhist influences, Muslim rule, and Dogra princely leadership. The region was ruled by various dynasties including Mauryas, Kushans, and later Mughals and Sikhs. In 1846, it became a princely state under Dogra ruler Gulab Singh.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At independence in 1947, Maharaja Hari Singh acceded to India following tribal invasion from Pakistan, leading to the first Indo-Pak war. The state received special status under Article 370. On August 5, 2019, Article 370 was abrogated, and Jammu and Kashmir was reorganized into a Union Territory.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also Read:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2870&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andhra Pradesh<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Geography_and_Climate_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>Geography and Climate of Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3486\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Jammu-pahaad.jpg?resize=300%2C174&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Jammu-pahaad.jpg?resize=300%2C174&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Jammu-pahaad.jpg?w=619&amp;ssl=1 619w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu and Kashmir shares international borders with Pakistan and China, and domestic boundaries with Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Key Geographic Features<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Pir Panjal and Zanskar ranges<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Kashmir Valley and Chenab basin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Alpine forests, meadows, rivers, and glacial lakes<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Highest Peak<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Nun Peak<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Elevation:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 7,135 m (23,409 ft)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Location:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Suru Valley, Kargil<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Significance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Highest peak in Indian-administered J&amp;K; part of Nun Kun massif<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Smallest Recognized Peak<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">No official smallest peak, but low-lying ridges (300\u2013500 m) in Jammu (Udhampur, Kathua) serve as base terrain.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Important Mountain Passes<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. <\/span><b>Zoji La Pass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (~3,528 m) \u2013 Connects Srinagar-Leh; key military\/civilian route<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2. <\/span><b>Banihal Pass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Traditional Jammu-Srinagar route (now bypassed by tunnels)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 3. <\/span><b>Sinthan Pass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (~3,800 m) \u2013 Kishtwar-Anantnag emerging route<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 4. <\/span><b>Razdan Pass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Gurez Valley (strategic border access)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 5. <\/span><b>Margan Pass<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Scenic Warwan-Kashmir Valley route<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Major Rivers<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Jhelum River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Originates from Verinag Spring (Anantnag); flows through Kashmir Valley into Pakistan<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Chenab River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Rises in Himachal Pradesh; vital for hydroelectric projects<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Tawi River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Flows through Jammu; key for water supply<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Ravi River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Flows along Jammu\u2019s southeastern border; joins Chenab<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Sind River<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 Tributary of Jhelum; flows through Ganderbal<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Climate<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Jammu:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Subtropical (hot summers, cool winters; monsoon rains)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Kashmir Valley:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Temperate (cold winters with snowfall, pleasant summers)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Ladakh\/Higher Elevations:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Alpine (harsh winters, cool summers)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Snowfall is common in winters, especially in the valley and mountain passes, while the Jammu plains experience monsoon rainfall.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also Read:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2916&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Arunachal Pradesh<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-5575\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-107-0 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-5575 ml-slider has-dots-nav ms-theme-default-base\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"New Slideshow\" data-height=\"300\" data-width=\"700\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_5575\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_5575\">\n            <ul aria-live='off' class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5579 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"400-X-180cdr-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/upsc-qep-2026-batch-5-english\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/400-X-180cdr-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5579 msDefaultImage\" title=\"400 X 180cdr\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5580 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/qep-pocket-notes-2.0\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5580 msDefaultImage\" title=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5581 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/toppers-handwritten-upsc-pyq-4-books\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5581 msDefaultImage\" title=\"web site banner toppers book. 400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jammu_and_Kashmir_Neighboring_States_and_Boundaries\"><\/span><b>Jammu and Kashmir: Neighboring States and Boundaries<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3487\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JK.jpg?resize=300%2C173&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JK.jpg?resize=300%2C173&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JK.jpg?w=613&amp;ssl=1 613w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu and Kashmir is bordered by:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Type of Border<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Neighbour<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Domestic Border<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Himachal Pradesh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Domestic Border<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ladakh<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>International Border<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pakistan (PoK and Gilgit-Baltistan)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The region holds significant geopolitical relevance due to its proximity to international borders and ongoing territorial disputes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Also Read:<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/chhattisgarh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chattisgarh<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Demographics_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>Demographics of Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As per the 2011 Census, Jammu and Kashmir had a population of approximately 12.5 million. The population density stands at around 124 persons per square kilometer. The sex ratio is 889 females per 1000 males.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Literacy Rate:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The literacy rate is 67.2%, with male literacy at 76.8% and female literacy at 56.4%.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Languages Spoken:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kashmiri<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dogri<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urdu (official language)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hindi<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gojri, Pahari, Ladakhi, Balti<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Also Read:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/assam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Assam<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"State_Symbols_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>State Symbols of Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following are the state symbols for Jammu and Kashmir:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3488\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/State-symbol-jammu.jpg?resize=255%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"255\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/State-symbol-jammu.jpg?resize=255%2C300&amp;ssl=1 255w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/State-symbol-jammu.jpg?w=266&amp;ssl=1 266w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 255px) 100vw, 255px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Symbol<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Name<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Animal<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kashmir Stag (Hangul)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Bird<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Black-necked Crane<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Tree<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chinar Tree (Platanus orientalis)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">State Flower<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These symbols reflect the region\u2019s ecological and cultural uniqueness.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Also Read:<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/bihar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bihar<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jammu_and_Kashmir_Polity_and_Administrative_Structure\"><\/span><b>Jammu and Kashmir Polity and Administrative Structure<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3489\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JAmmu-polity.jpg?resize=300%2C172&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JAmmu-polity.jpg?resize=300%2C172&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JAmmu-polity.jpg?w=626&amp;ssl=1 626w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu and Kashmir, now a Union Territory (since 2019), has a unicameral legislature with 90 seats (as per the Reorganization Act). The territory is administered under the Indian Constitution with representation in both houses of Parliament.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Political Status<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Union Territory since <\/span><b>October 31, 2019<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (J&amp;K Reorganisation Act, 2019)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Unicameral legislature<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (90 seats)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Current Leadership<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Lieutenant Governor:<\/b> <b>Manoj Sinha<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (since August 2020)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Former Union Minister<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Focus areas: Infrastructure, transparency, digital governance<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Judiciary<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>High Court:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Jammu and Kashmir &amp; Ladakh High Court (jurisdiction over both UTs)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span> <b>Chief Justice:<\/b> <b>Hon\u2019ble Justice N. Kotiswar Singh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (since February 2023)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Priorities: Judicial access, infrastructure development<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Parliamentary Representation<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Lok Sabha (Lower House):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 5 elected MPs<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Rajya Sabha (Upper House):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 4 indirectly elected members<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Legislative Structure<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Unicameral Assembly:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 90 elected members (as per J&amp;K Reorganisation Act, 2019)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Districts:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 20 (post-2019 reorganization)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Subdivisions:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Further divided into tehsils, blocks, and villages for local governance<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Culture_and_Traditions_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>Culture and Traditions of Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu and Kashmir\u2019s culture reflects a blend of Indo-Aryan, Central Asian, and Tibetan influences. The population includes Kashmiri Muslims, Dogras, Gujjars, Bakarwals, Pandits, and Ladakhi Buddhists, contributing to a rich mosaic of customs, dress, cuisine, and beliefs. Cultural expressions are rooted in faith, folklore, and natural beauty.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3490\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JAmmu-Culture.jpg?resize=300%2C181&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JAmmu-Culture.jpg?resize=300%2C181&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/JAmmu-Culture.jpg?w=611&amp;ssl=1 611w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Classical Dance<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 No officially recognized classical dance form among India&#8217;s eight classical dances.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Popular Folk Dances:<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rouf<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (women&#8217;s dance during Eid, rhythmic footwork)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bhand Pather<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (folk theatre with dance and satire)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kud<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Heren<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Dogri dance forms)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Themes:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Harvest, marriage, religious devotion, seasonal festivals.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Theatre Art<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Bhand Pather:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Kashmiri folk theatre with dance, music, and satire.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Dogri Theatre:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Traditional storytelling in Jammu.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Modern Theatre:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Urban performances addressing contemporary issues.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Folk Music<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Types:<\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Chakri<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (ballads), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rouf<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> songs, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dogri Geet<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sufiyana Kalam<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (spiritual), Ladakhi chants.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Instruments:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Rabab, santoor, tumbaknaer, nout, dhool.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Notable Form:<\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sufiyana Kalam<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Sufi devotional music with classical roots).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Classical Music<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Primarily <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sufiyana Kalam<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Persian-influenced Sufi music).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Uses <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ragas<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and instruments like santoor, setar.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Performed in shrines for spiritual communion.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Performance Traditions<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Linked to festivals, harvests, weddings, and religious events.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Venues: Village courtyards, Sufi shrines (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">dargahs<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), temples, community centers.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Major Festivals<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Muslim:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha, Urs of Sufi saints (qawwalis at shrines).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Buddhist:<\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hemis Festival<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (masked dances in Ladakh).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Hindu\/Sikh:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Lohri, Baisakhi (Jammu), Navreh (Kashmiri Pandit New Year).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Cultural:<\/b> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mela Pat<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Dogri fair in Bhaderwah).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Arts &amp; Crafts<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Pashmina:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Luxury handwoven shawls.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Papier-M\u00e2ch\u00e9:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Colorful decorative art.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Wood Carving:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Walnut wood furniture.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Carpets\/Namdas:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hand-knotted rugs and felted wool.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Architecture<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Mughal Gardens:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Shalimar, Nishat Bagh (Srinagar).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Religious Sites:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hazratbal Shrine, Shankaracharya Temple, Raghunath Temple.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Ladakhi Monasteries:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hemis, Thiksey (Tibetan style).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Dogra Palaces:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Mubarak Mandi Palace (Jammu).<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Wildlife &amp; Nature<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>National Parks\/Sanctuaries:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Dachigam (Kashmir stag), Hemis (snow leopards), Kishtwar (Himalayan brown bear).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Ecosystems:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Alpine forests, high-altitude deserts, glacial lakes.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"National_Parks_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>National Parks in Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu and Kashmir has five designated national parks:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3491\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/National-Paek.jpg?resize=295%2C188&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"295\" height=\"188\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>National Parks<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. <\/span><b>Dachigam NP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (141 km\u00b2, Srinagar)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Key Species: Hangul (Kashmiri stag), leopards<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2. <\/span><b>Kishtwar NP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (400 km\u00b2, Kishtwar)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Key Species: Snow leopard, musk deer<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 3. <\/span><b>Hemis NP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (4,400 km\u00b2, Leh)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Largest in India; snow leopards, ibex<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 4. <\/span><b>Salim Ali NP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Defunct)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Now Royal Springs Golf Course<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 5. <\/span><b>City Forest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (18 km\u00b2, Srinagar)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Urban biodiversity, birdwatching<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Wildlife Sanctuaries<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Overa-Aru (Anantnag)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Hirpora (Shopian)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Changthang (Ladakh)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Trikuta (Reasi)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Ram Nagar (Jammu)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Ramsar Sites<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. <\/span><b>Hokera Wetland<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Srinagar)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Migratory birds, ecological balance<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2. <\/span><b>Wular Lake<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Asia&#8217;s largest freshwater lake, flood control<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>UNESCO Tentative Sites<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 Mughal Gardens of Kashmir<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Buddhist Monasteries of Ladakh<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Wular Lake (proposed)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Tiger Reserve<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>J&amp;K Tiger Reserve (proposed)<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Location: Kishtwar NP<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 Notes: Focus on snow leopards; sporadic tiger presence<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economic_Profile_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>Economic Profile of Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The economy of Jammu and Kashmir is diverse, based on agriculture, handicrafts, tourism, and public administration, with new investments in infrastructure and industry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-3492\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Kashimi-phool.jpg?resize=300%2C173&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Kashimi-phool.jpg?resize=300%2C173&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Kashimi-phool.jpg?w=609&amp;ssl=1 609w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Category<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Details<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Key Sectors<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Agriculture\/Horticulture<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Apples (80% of India&#8217;s production), saffron, walnuts, rice<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Handicrafts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Pashmina shawls, papier-m\u00e2ch\u00e9, carpets (\u20b91,200+ crore annual exports)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Tourism<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 1.4+ crore tourists (2023); Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Leh<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Hydropower<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 3,500+ MW potential; Baglihar (900 MW), Dulhasti (390 MW)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Public Sector<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 30% workforce in govt\/defense sectors<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Major Projects<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Chenab Valley Hydro Projects<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1,856 MW under construction)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Zojila Tunnel<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Asia&#8217;s longest bi-directional tunnel; 14.15 km)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Ujh Multipurpose Project<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (irrigation + 196 MW power)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Smart Cities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Jammu &amp; Srinagar (\u20b92,000+ crore investment)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Industrial Scheme<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 300+ units approved (2021\u201330)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Startup J&amp;K<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: 500+ startups registered<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Economic Overview (2023\u201324)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>GSDP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: \u20b92.23 lakh crore (9.1% growth)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Sectoral Contribution<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Agriculture: 18%<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Industry: 28% (handicrafts, hydropower)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; Services: 54% (tourism, IT)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Major Economic Centers<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2022 <\/span><b>Srinagar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Handicrafts, tourism (Dal Lake, Mughal Gardens)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Jammu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Trade, education (IIM, AIIMS)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Pulwama<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Saffron (Pampore), dairy<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2022 <\/span><b>Leh<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Renewable energy (solar), adventure tourism<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Top Contributing Districts<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. <\/span><b>Srinagar<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (services, crafts)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2. <\/span><b>Jammu<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (commerce, infrastructure)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 3. <\/span><b>Pulwama<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (saffron, agro-processing)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 4. <\/span><b>Anantnag<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (apple orchards, tourism)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 5. <\/span><b>Baramulla<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (horticulture, cross-LoC trade)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-5575\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-107-0 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-5575 ml-slider has-dots-nav ms-theme-default-base\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"New Slideshow\" data-height=\"300\" data-width=\"700\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_5575\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_5575\">\n            <ul aria-live='off' class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5579 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"400-X-180cdr-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/upsc-qep-2026-batch-5-english\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/400-X-180cdr-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5579 msDefaultImage\" title=\"400 X 180cdr\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5580 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/qep-pocket-notes-2.0\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5580 msDefaultImage\" title=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5581 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/toppers-handwritten-upsc-pyq-4-books\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5581 msDefaultImage\" title=\"web site banner toppers book. 400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mineral_Resources_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>Mineral Resources in Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jammu and Kashmir\u2019s mountainous terrain holds valuable mineral deposits.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Mineral Type<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Locations<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Gypsum<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uri, Ramban, Baramulla<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Limestone<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Udhampur, Doda, Kathua<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Bauxite<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reasi region<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Magnesite<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uri and Panjal ranges<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Coal (minor deposits)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kalakote area<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jammu_and_Kashmir_Government_Programs\"><\/span><b>Jammu and Kashmir Government Programs<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Following are the important schemes run by government of J&amp;K for welfare:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Scheme<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Objective<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Key Features<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>SEHAT Health Insurance<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Universal health coverage<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u20b95 lakh\/family\/year for hospitalization under Ayushman Bharat<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Back to Village (B2V)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Grassroots governance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Officers visit panchayats to assess needs<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Mission Youth<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Youth empowerment<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Entrepreneurship, skilling (Mumkin, Tejaswini, Rise Together)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Integrated Social Security Scheme (ISSS)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pension\/financial aid<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combines NSAP &amp; UT-funded benefits<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>PARVAZ Scheme<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Competitive exam support<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Free coaching for UPSC\/NEET\/JEE<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>JK e-Governance (e-Office &amp; Service Plus)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digital governance<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Online certificates, grievance redressal<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>My Town My Pride (MTMP)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Urban governance revamp<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Officer outreach for civic services<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Border Area Development Programme (BADP)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Border area development<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Infrastructure\/security in border districts<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>PMGSY (J&amp;K Special Projects)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rural connectivity<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All-weather roads in remote areas<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Industrial Policy 2021\u201330<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Industrial growth<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Capital subsidies, GST reimbursement<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Unique_and_Notable_Facts_about_Jammu_and_Kashmir\"><\/span><b>Unique and Notable Facts about Jammu and Kashmir<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Only UT with Dual Capital:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Srinagar (summer) and Jammu (winter)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Highest Plateau National Park:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Hemis National Park in Ladakh is India\u2019s largest<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Largest Apple Producer in India:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The Valley produces over 70% of India\u2019s apples<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Saffron Valley of India:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Pampore is known globally for its high-quality saffron<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Rich Spiritual Heritage:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Sufi shrines, Buddhist monasteries, and Vaishno Devi Temple attract millions<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Scenic Railway Engineering:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Chenab Bridge is the world\u2019s highest railway bridge<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b>Are you preparing for UPSC 2025?<\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/prelims\/prelims-samadhaan-mentorship-2025?utm_source=website&amp;utm_medium=home_page&amp;utm_campaign=course\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <b>Join IAShub&#8217;s UPSC coaching batches<\/b><\/a><b> to boost your preparation. Enroll now!<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With its alpine landscape, cultural tapestry, and geopolitical importance, Jammu and Kashmir plays a key role in India\u2019s strategic and development landscape. From snow-clad peaks to saffron valleys and Buddhist monasteries to tech-driven youth missions, the region is undergoing rapid transformation under Union governance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jammu_and_Kashmir_FAQs\"><\/span><b>Jammu and Kashmir FAQs<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-3484 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-3484{ position: relative; }#sp-ea-3484 .ea-card{ opacity: 0;}#eap-preloader-3484{ position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: center;}#sp-ea-3484.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-3484.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-3484.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-3484.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-3484.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  padding: 7px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  margin-right: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single{\r\n background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ea-expand a{\r\n  background: #cfe2ff !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion{\r\n  margin-bottom: 1rem;\r\n  margin-top: 1rem;\r\n}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1748689700\"><div id=\"sp-ea-3484\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"1\" data-scroll-active-item=\"1\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\"><div id=\"eap-preloader-3484\" class=\"accordion-preloader\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-accordion-free\/public\/assets\/ea_loader.svg\" alt=\"Loader image\"\/><\/div><div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-34840\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse34840\" aria-controls=\"collapse34840\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> What is the historical importance of Jammu and Kashmir?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse34840\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3484\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-34840\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">J&amp;K has a layered history involving ancient Hindu and Buddhist dynasties, Islamic Sultanates, the Dogra rule, and its unique accession to India post-independence, making it central to national integration and federal debates.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-34841\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse34841\" aria-controls=\"collapse34841\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Which major rivers flow through Jammu and Kashmir?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse34841\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3484\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-34841\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Major rivers include the Jhelum, Chenab, Indus (in Ladakh), and Tawi. These rivers are crucial for irrigation, hydropower, and ecological sustenance.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-34842\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse34842\" aria-controls=\"collapse34842\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What makes J&amp;K culturally unique?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse34842\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3484\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-34842\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">J&amp;K reflects a fusion of Kashmiri, Dogra, Ladakhi, and Gujjar-Bakarwal cultures\u2014seen in language, cuisine, festivals, and crafts like Pashmina, wood carving, and Thangka painting.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-34843\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse34843\" aria-controls=\"collapse34843\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How many national parks are there in J&amp;K?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse34843\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3484\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-34843\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are five national parks including Dachigam and Hemis. These parks protect species such as the Hangul, snow leopard, and ibex, spanning ecosystems from alpine meadows to cold deserts.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-34844\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse34844\" aria-controls=\"collapse34844\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What drives J&amp;K\u2019s economy today?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse34844\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-3484\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-34844\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Key drivers include horticulture (apples, walnuts, saffron), handicrafts, tourism, hydropower, and public sector employment. Industrial investment and infrastructure are new growth frontiers, especially post-reorganization.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Explore Jammu and Kashmir&#8217;s rich history, vibrant culture, polity, rivers, national parks, and economy. Learn about its geography, traditions, crafts, festivals, biodiversity, and economic growth post-UT status. A complete regional profile of J&#038;K.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3483","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3483"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3483\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6102,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3483\/revisions\/6102"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3483"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3483"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3483"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}