{"id":2240,"date":"2025-04-04T20:48:27","date_gmt":"2025-04-04T15:18:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2240"},"modified":"2025-10-28T13:10:56","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T07:40:56","slug":"jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/","title":{"rendered":"Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919, History, Rowlatt Act, Hunter Commission"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<label class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/label>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/#Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre_Roots\" >Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Roots<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/#Rowlatt_Act_1919\" >Rowlatt Act 1919<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/#Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre_Tragedy\" >Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Tragedy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/#Martial_Law_and_National_Outrage\" >Martial Law and National Outrage<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/#Hunter_Commission_and_British_Response\" >Hunter Commission and British Response<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/#Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre_Legacy\" >Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Legacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/#Related_Articles\" >Related Articles<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/jallianwala-bagh-massacre-1919\/#Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre_FAQs\" >Jallianwala Bagh Massacre FAQs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><b>Jallianwala Bagh massacre<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which took place on <\/span><b>April 13, 1919<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, is one of the darkest moments in India&#8217;s history during British rule. It has become a powerful symbol of India&#8217;s fight for independence and the strength of its people. Over time, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre has gone beyond being just a historical event\u2014it represents <\/span><b>sacrifice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>injustice<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and the <\/span><b>spirit of resistance<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, inspiring generations of Indians.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1951, the Government of India built a <\/span><b>memorial at Jallianwala Bagh <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to honor the victims, and in 2019, the <\/span><b>Yaad-e-Jallian Museum <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was opened to share the story of the tragedy. These sites serve as important reminders of the cruelty inflicted on innocent civilians and the sacrifices made in the struggle for independence.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2242\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200023.png?resize=300%2C170&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200023.png?resize=300%2C170&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200023.png?w=678&amp;ssl=1 678w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre_Roots\"><\/span><b>Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Roots<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919 didn\u2019t happen out of nowhere; it was the result of many political events building up over time. By the end of <\/span><b>World War I<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, India had made major contributions to the British war effort, sending soldiers and resources. Many Indians hoped that in return, the British would grant them more <\/span><b>self-rule <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">or at least some <\/span><b>political freedom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. But the British government had other plans, and this caused growing frustration and disappointment among the Indian people.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Indian National Congress<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the main political group fighting for India&#8217;s independence, believed that the end of the war would lead to more freedom for India. However, instead of granting autonomy, the British government introduced harsh laws, such as the <\/span><b>Rowlatt Act <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(also called the Black Act) in March 1919. This law allowed the British to <\/span><b>arrest and imprison <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">anyone they suspected of being involved in political activities against British rule, without a trial. This law took away many basic rights and angered the people of India even more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Also Read: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2007&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Beti Bachao Beti Padhao<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rowlatt_Act_1919\"><\/span><b>Rowlatt Act 1919<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The passing of the <\/span><b>Rowlatt Act 1919 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was the main reason for the unrest that led to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Many people saw the act as a betrayal because it meant the British were tightening their control over India even more. In response, <\/span><b>Mahatma Gandhi <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">started a peaceful movement called <\/span><b>Satyagraha <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to protest against the Rowlatt Act. His call for action was supported by many people across the country, including in Punjab, where two important leaders, <\/span><b>Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Dr. Satyapal<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, organized peaceful protests.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2245\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200214.png?resize=248%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"248\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200214.png?resize=248%2C300&amp;ssl=1 248w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200214.png?w=389&amp;ssl=1 389w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" \/>\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><b>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2244\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200221.png?resize=300%2C296&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200221.png?resize=300%2C296&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200221.png?w=473&amp;ssl=1 473w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Image: Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Image: Dr. Satyapal<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On <\/span><b>April 9, 1919<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the British authorities, led by Lieutenant Governor Sir Michael O&#8217;Dwyer, arrested Kitchlew and Satyapal. The arrests were seen as unfair and this angered the public even more. The British response was harsh: on April 10, when people peacefully marched to demand the release of their leaders, the police opened fire, killing and injuring many. This violence led to protests and retaliation all over Amritsar, and soon the city was filled with chaos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Also Read: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=1560&amp;preview=true#\"><b>Major Ports In India<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre_Tragedy\"><\/span><b>Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Tragedy<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On April 13, 1919, a large crowd of thousands gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar to protest against the violence of the previous days and to demand the release of their leaders. It was also <\/span><b>Baisakhi<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a festival that had traditionally been a time for communal celebration. However, the British authorities, viewing the gathering as a political threat, had already imposed martial law in the region, prohibiting any public assembly. <\/span><b>Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the British officer in charge, saw the gathering as an act of defiance and decided to act decisively.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dyer, with a contingent of <\/span><b>50 soldiers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, marched into Jallianwala Bagh. Without warning, he ordered his troops to <\/span><b>open fire <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">on the unarmed crowd, which included men, women, and children. The soldiers fired continuously for 10 to 15 minutes, expending 1,650 rounds of ammunition. The crowd, in a desperate attempt to escape, rushed toward the only exit, but Dyer had blocked it, ensuring maximum casualties. The firing ceased only when the troops ran out of ammunition. Official British reports estimated that 291 people were killed, but other reports, including those from an Indian committee headed by Madan Mohan Malviya, put the number of dead at over 500, with thousands more injured.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Also Read: <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=1496&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Uniform Civil Code<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-5575\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-107-0 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-5575 ml-slider has-dots-nav ms-theme-default-base\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"New Slideshow\" data-height=\"300\" data-width=\"700\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_5575\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_5575\">\n            <ul aria-live='off' class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5579 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"400-X-180cdr-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/upsc-qep-2026-batch-5-english\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/400-X-180cdr-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5579 msDefaultImage\" title=\"400 X 180cdr\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5580 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/qep-pocket-notes-2.0\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5580 msDefaultImage\" title=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5581 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/toppers-handwritten-upsc-pyq-4-books\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5581 msDefaultImage\" title=\"web site banner toppers book. 400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Martial_Law_and_National_Outrage\"><\/span><b>Martial Law and National Outrage<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the British imposed <\/span><b>martial law <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in several parts of Punjab, including Amritsar, Lahore, and Gujranwala. They tried to control the public outrage by taking harsh actions, such as <\/span><b>arresting <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">many people and publicly flogging them. News of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre spread quickly across India, causing widespread protests and anger.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jallianwala Bagh massacre had a big impact, both in India and around the world. <\/span><b>Rabindranath Tagore<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a Nobel Prize winner, gave up his knighthood to protest the violence. The event also made more people angry with British rule and increased nationalist feelings. Leaders like Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru pushed harder for independence, understanding that the British repression had only strengthened India&#8217;s desire for freedom.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hunter_Commission_and_British_Response\"><\/span><b>Hunter Commission and British Response<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In response to growing pressure, the British government established the <\/span><b>Hunter Commission <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in <\/span><b>October 1919 <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. However, the commission&#8217;s inquiry was largely a whitewash, with British officials clearing General Dyer of any wrongdoing. Dyer himself showed no remorse during his testimony, even stating when asked if he had taken any steps to help the wounded, &#8220;<\/span><b>No, certainly not. It was not my job<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.&#8221; His cold and indifferent attitude only deepened the outrage and resentment among the Indian people.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre_Legacy\"><\/span><b>Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Legacy<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jallianwala Bagh massacre was a turning point in India\u2019s fight for independence. It motivated many Indians, especially the youth, to take a stronger stand against British rule. The memory of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the violence that followed continued to inspire the independence movement in the 1920s and 1930s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-2246\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200323.png?resize=300%2C174&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200323.png?resize=300%2C174&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Screenshot-2025-04-04-200323.png?w=767&amp;ssl=1 767w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1951, the Government of India built a <\/span><b>memorial <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at Jallianwala Bagh to honor the victims of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Later, in 2019, the <\/span><b>Yaad-e-Jallian Museum <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">was opened. These places serve as reminders of the sacrifices made by many Indians in the struggle for freedom. They not only honor those who lost their lives but also inspire future generations to value democracy, justice, and independence.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Are you preparing for UPSC 2025?<\/b> <a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/prelims\/prelims-samadhaan-mentorship-2025?utm_source=website&amp;utm_medium=home_page&amp;utm_campaign=course\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Join IAShub&#8217;s UPSC coaching batches<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to boost your preparation. Enroll now!<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Related_Articles\"><\/span><b>Related Articles<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/indian-states-and-their-capitals\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">List of Indian States And Their Capitals<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2074&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Balika Samriddhi Yojana<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2039&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PM Awas Yojana<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=1875&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biosphere Reserves In India<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=1372&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Representation of People Act<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=2164&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National Judicial Appointments Commission\u00a0<\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Jallianwala_Bagh_Massacre_FAQs\"><\/span><b>Jallianwala Bagh Massacre FAQs<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-2241 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-2241{ position: relative; }#sp-ea-2241 .ea-card{ opacity: 0;}#eap-preloader-2241{ position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; height: 100%;width: 100%; text-align: center;display: flex; align-items: center;justify-content: center;}#sp-ea-2241.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-2241.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-2241.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-2241.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-2241.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  padding: 7px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  margin-right: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single{\r\n background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ea-expand a{\r\n  background: #cfe2ff !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion{\r\n  margin-bottom: 1rem;\r\n  margin-top: 1rem;\r\n}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1743776697\"><div id=\"sp-ea-2241\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"1\" data-scroll-active-item=\"1\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\"><div id=\"eap-preloader-2241\" class=\"accordion-preloader\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-accordion-free\/public\/assets\/ea_loader.svg\" alt=\"Loader image\"\/><\/div><div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-22410\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse22410\" aria-controls=\"collapse22410\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> What was the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse22410\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-2241\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-22410\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurred on April 13, 1919, when British troops, led by General Dyer, fired on an unarmed crowd in Amritsar, killing hundreds of people.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-22411\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse22411\" aria-controls=\"collapse22411\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What Led to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse22411\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-2241\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-22411\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was triggered by growing frustration over British repression, including the Rowlatt Act, and the violent response to a peaceful protest in Amritsar on April 13, 1919.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-22412\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse22412\" aria-controls=\"collapse22412\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How many people were killed in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse22412\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-2241\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-22412\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Official British reports claim 291 people were killed in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, while Indian sources estimate over 500 deaths, with thousands more injured in the attack on the unarmed crowd.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-22413\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse22413\" aria-controls=\"collapse22413\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Who was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse22413\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-2241\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-22413\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, the British officer in charge, ordered the troops to fire on the crowd without warning, leading to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-22414\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse22414\" aria-controls=\"collapse22414\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What was the Hunter Commission?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse22414\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-2241\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-22414\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Hunter Commission was set up by the British to investigate the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. However, its findings were a whitewash, and it exonerated General Dyer for his actions.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919: Learn about its history, Rowlatt Act, Hunter Commission, and its impact on India&#8217;s independence struggle. A turning point in history<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2240","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2240"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6340,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2240\/revisions\/6340"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2240"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2240"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2240"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}