{"id":1520,"date":"2025-03-06T18:52:45","date_gmt":"2025-03-06T13:22:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=1520"},"modified":"2025-10-28T16:39:02","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T11:09:02","slug":"international-treaties-and-agreements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/international-treaties-and-agreements\/","title":{"rendered":"International Treaties and Agreements List"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<label class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/label>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/international-treaties-and-agreements\/#What_Are_International_Treaties_and_Agreements\" >What Are International Treaties and Agreements?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/international-treaties-and-agreements\/#Types_of_International_Agreements\" >Types of International Agreements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/international-treaties-and-agreements\/#Importance_of_International_Treaties_and_Agreements\" >Importance of International Treaties and Agreements<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/international-treaties-and-agreements\/#List_of_Important_International_Treaties_and_Conventions\" >List of Important International Treaties and Conventions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/international-treaties-and-agreements\/#List_of_Conventions_and_Agreements_Ratified_by_India\" >List of Conventions and Agreements Ratified by India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/international-treaties-and-agreements\/#International_Treaties_and_Agreements_FAQs\" >International Treaties and Agreements FAQs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><b>International Treaties and Agreements<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are the backbone of global cooperation, helping nations work together to address shared challenges and achieve common goals. From human rights and environmental protection to trade and security, these agreements play a vital role in shaping the world we live in.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article, we\u2019ll explore what international treaties and agreements are, and their importance, and provide a <\/span><b>list of international treaties and conventions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including those ratified by India. Whether you\u2019re a student, a UPSC aspirant, or simply curious about global affairs, this guide will help you understand the significance of these agreements in simple language.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_International_Treaties_and_Agreements\"><\/span><b>What Are International Treaties and Agreements?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International treaties and agreements are formal deals between two or more countries to set rules, responsibilities, and cooperation on issues of common interest or global importance. They help manage relationships between countries in areas like trade, security, environmental protection, and human rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaties are legally binding and are approved by national governments, creating enforceable rules in areas like disarmament, climate action, and human rights. Examples include the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Paris Agreement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agreements are usually less formal and not as binding as treaties. They often cover specific topics like trade deals or scientific cooperation. Some agreements don\u2019t need government approval but are still important for diplomacy, such as Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_International_Agreements\"><\/span><b>Types of International Agreements<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Treaties<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Legally binding agreements between countries (e.g., the Paris Agreement on climate change).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Conventions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Formal agreements negotiated under international organizations (e.g., the Geneva Conventions on humanitarian law).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protocols<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Amendments or additions to existing treaties (e.g., the Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Non-binding agreements that outline mutual intentions or cooperation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Declarations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Non-binding statements of principles or intentions (e.g., the Universal Declaration of Human Rights).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Term<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Definition<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Specific Details<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Binding<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Ratification<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Agreements<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A broad term for a formal arrangement between two or more parties, which may or may not be legally binding.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Can include treaties, MoUs, or contracts; focuses on mutual understanding and cooperation.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Depends on the terms; often binding if legally formalized.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May or may not require ratification.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Charters<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A formal document defining the purpose, rights, and obligations of an organization or institution.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establishes institutions or foundational principles, like the UN Charter.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typically binding for members.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Usually requires ratification by signatories.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Conventions<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International agreements addressing specific issues, often negotiated under international organizations (e.g., Geneva Conventions).<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Broader in scope and designed for widespread international adherence.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Binding upon ratification.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Requires formal ratification to become binding.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Declarations<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-binding statements outlining principles or intentions, often adopted at summits (e.g., Universal Declaration of Human Rights).<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Expresses political commitment rather than legal obligation.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Non-binding unless codified into law or treaty.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not required as they are not legally binding.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs)<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A formal but non-legally binding agreement outlining mutual intentions or cooperation between parties.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Focuses on understanding and goodwill, not enforceable by law.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Generally non-binding unless explicitly stated otherwise.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Not required.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Protocols<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A supplement or amendment to an existing treaty or agreement, often addressing additional details or procedures.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Adds specificity or updates to existing agreements (e.g., Kyoto Protocol).<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Binding upon ratification.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Requires ratification by signatories.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Treaties<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A formal, legally binding agreement between sovereign states or international organizations under international law.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Explicitly binding with clear legal obligations.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legally binding upon ratification.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Requires formal ratification by the involved parties.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Signatories and Parties<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signatories: States or entities that sign an agreement but have not yet ratified it, indicating intent to comply without binding obligation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Parties: States or entities that have ratified the agreement, making it legally binding.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Differentiates between those who have signed (intention to comply) and those who have ratified (legal obligation).<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signatories are not bound; Parties are legally bound.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Signing does not require ratification; ratification makes it binding.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance_of_International_Treaties_and_Agreements\"><\/span><b>Importance of International Treaties and Agreements<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Promoting Peace and Security<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Treaties like the <\/span><b>Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> help prevent conflicts and reduce the risk of war.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Protecting Human Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Agreements like the <\/span><b>Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ensure basic rights and freedoms for people worldwide.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Environmental Protection<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Treaties like the <\/span><b>Paris Agreement<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><b>Montreal Protocol<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> aim to combat climate change and protect the ozone layer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Cooperation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Trade agreements like the <\/span><b>World Trade Organization (WTO)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> rules help countries grow their economies and reduce poverty.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Global Health<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Agreements like the <\/span><b>World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> address public health challenges.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"List_of_Important_International_Treaties_and_Conventions\"><\/span><b>List of Important International Treaties and Conventions<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here\u2019s a <\/span><b>list of international treaties and conventions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that have had a significant impact on global affairs:<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Year<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Name of Treaty\/Convention<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Description<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1919<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty of Versailles<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ended WWI; imposed heavy reparations on Germany, leading to geopolitical changes.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1920<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty of Trianon<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Redrew boundaries in Central Europe; significant for understanding European history post-WWI.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1928<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kellogg-Briand Pact<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An international agreement attempting to prevent war as a means of resolving disputes.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1945<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations Charter<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established the United Nations, aimed at preventing future wars and fostering cooperation.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1947<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Predecessor to WTO, significant in understanding international trade agreements.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1949<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">North Atlantic Treaty (NATO)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formed a military alliance between North American and European nations to counter Soviet influence.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1951<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Genocide Convention<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Defined genocide in legal terms and committed signatories to preventing and punishing it.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1959<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antarctic Treaty System<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established Antarctica as a scientific preserve, banned military activity on the continent.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1960<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Indus Waters Treaty<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India-Pakistan treaty, significant for regional water-sharing agreements.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1968<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aims to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and promote disarmament.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1971<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ramsar Convention<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International treaty for the conservation of wetlands, relevant to environmental protection.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1972<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biological Weapons Convention<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of biological weapons.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1985<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Schengen Agreement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Removed border controls within Europe, establishing free movement of people within the EU.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1987<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">US-Soviet treaty to eliminate intermediate-range nuclear and conventional missiles.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1989<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Montreal Protocol<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A global agreement to protect the ozone layer by phasing out substances causing ozone depletion.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1992<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established framework for addressing climate change; led to the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1994<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Established a trilateral trade bloc between the US, Canada, and Mexico.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1997<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kyoto Protocol<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">International treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions; foundational for climate policy.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2000<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Combats organized crime, including human trafficking and smuggling.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2000<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cotonou Agreement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Economic and political relations between EU and ACP countries.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2001<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty of Nice<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">EU institutional reforms, laying groundwork for further expansion.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2001<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Convention on Cybercrime<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">First international treaty on internet and computer crime.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2002<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Addressing air pollution affecting Southeast Asia.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2003<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Global response to the tobacco epidemic.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2005<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy Community Treaty<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Integrates EU energy market with South East Europe.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2007<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty of Lisbon<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Major reforms to EU structures and decision-making processes.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2008<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UNASUR Constitutive Treaty<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Formation of the Union of South American Nations.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2010<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nagoya Protocol<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aims at fair sharing of genetic resources\u2019 benefits.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2015<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paris Agreement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Landmark international accord to combat climate change.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2017<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Legally binding prohibition of nuclear weapons.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2018<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prespa Agreement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Resolved the naming dispute between Greece and North Macedonia.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2019<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty of Aachen<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strengthening Franco-German cooperation in EU policies.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2020<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agreement for Bringing Peace to Afghanistan<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The peace agreement between the U.S. and the Taliban.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2022<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ethiopia\u2013Tigray Peace Agreement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ended conflict in Ethiopia\u2019s Tigray region.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2023<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Treaty of Jeddah (2023)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Facilitated a week-long ceasefire in the 2023 Sudan conflict but expired two days after the signing due to a sudden surge in hostilities.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-5575\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-107-0 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-5575 ml-slider has-dots-nav ms-theme-default-base\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"New Slideshow\" data-height=\"300\" data-width=\"700\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_5575\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_5575\">\n            <ul aria-live='off' class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5579 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"400-X-180cdr-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/upsc-qep-2026-batch-5-english\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/400-X-180cdr-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5579 msDefaultImage\" title=\"400 X 180cdr\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5580 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/qep-pocket-notes-2.0\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5580 msDefaultImage\" title=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5581 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/toppers-handwritten-upsc-pyq-4-books\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5581 msDefaultImage\" title=\"web site banner toppers book. 400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"List_of_Conventions_and_Agreements_Ratified_by_India\"><\/span><b>List of Conventions and Agreements Ratified by India<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">India has been an active participant in global treaties and conventions. Here\u2019s a <\/span><b>list of conventions and agreements ratified by India<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Name of the Convention\/Treaty\/Agreement<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Date of Accession\/Ratification<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Entry into Force<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Significance and Focus<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WIPO Convention<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">January 31, 1975<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May 1, 1975<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Establishes India\u2019s membership in WIPO, enhancing global intellectual property cooperation.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 7, 1998<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">December 7, 1998<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protects industrial property (patents, trademarks) internationally, promoting innovation and trade.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">April 23, 1928<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">April 1, 1928<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensures copyright protection for creators, facilitating the global exchange of creative works.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 17, 2001<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">December 17, 2001<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simplifies patenting processes for microorganisms, boosting biotechnological research and innovation.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 19, 1983<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">October 19, 1983<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protects the Olympic symbol to preserve its integrity and prevent unauthorized commercial use.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 7, 1998<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">December 7, 1998<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Streamlines the international patent application process, supporting Indian inventors in global markets.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">November 1, 1974<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">February 12, 1975<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protects against unauthorized duplication of phonograms, aiding Indian producers and artists.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">April 8, 2013<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">July 8, 2013<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Facilitates international registration of trademarks, benefiting Indian brands abroad.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Marrakesh Treaty to Facilitate Access to Published Works for the Blind<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">June 24, 2014<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 30, 2016<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Improves access to published works for visually impaired individuals, promoting inclusivity.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WIPO Copyright Treaty<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 25, 2018<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">December 25, 2018<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provides copyright protections in the digital environment, supporting Indian creators online.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 25, 2018<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">December 25, 2018<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protects performances and phonograms in digital media, benefiting Indian musicians and performers.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nice Agreement concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">June 7, 2019<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 7, 2019<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Standardizes trademark classification, aiding Indian businesses in global trademark registration.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Locarno Agreement establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">June 7, 2019<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 7, 2019<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Facilitates the classification of industrial designs, promoting Indian industrial creativity abroad.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vienna Agreement establishing an International Classification of Figurative Elements<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">June 7, 2019<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">September 7, 2019<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Standardizes figurative element classification in trademarks, supporting India\u2019s IP protection globally.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are you preparing for UPSC 2025? <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/prelims\/prelims-samadhaan-mentorship-2025?utm_source=website&amp;utm_medium=home_page&amp;utm_campaign=course\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Join IAShub&#8217;s UPSC coaching batches<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to boost your preparation. Enroll now!<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"International_Treaties_and_Agreements_FAQs\"><\/span><b>International Treaties and Agreements FAQs<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-1522 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-1522.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-1522.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-1522.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-1522.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-1522.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  padding: 7px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  margin-right: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single{\r\n background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ea-expand a{\r\n  background: #cfe2ff !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion{\r\n  margin-bottom: 1rem;\r\n  margin-top: 1rem;\r\n}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1741258749\"><div id=\"sp-ea-1522\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"\" data-scroll-active-item=\"\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\"><div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-15220\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse15220\" aria-controls=\"collapse15220\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> What is the difference between international treaties and agreements?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse15220\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1522\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-15220\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Treaties are legally binding formal agreements between countries, while agreements may be political commitments without legal enforcement.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-15221\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse15221\" aria-controls=\"collapse15221\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is an example of an international treaty?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse15221\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1522\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-15221\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Paris Agreement (2015) is an international treaty on climate change.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-15222\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse15222\" aria-controls=\"collapse15222\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What are the three types of international treaties?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse15222\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1522\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-15222\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bilateral treaties (between two countries), Multilateral treaties (among multiple countries), and Universal treaties (open to all nations).<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-15223\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse15223\" aria-controls=\"collapse15223\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the importance of international treaties and agreements?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse15223\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1522\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-15223\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They promote global cooperation, resolve conflicts, regulate trade, and address global issues like climate change and human rights.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-15224\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse15224\" aria-controls=\"collapse15224\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How are international treaties ratified by countries?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse15224\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1522\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-15224\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A country signs the treaty, gets domestic approval (parliamentary or executive), and then deposits the instrument of ratification.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-15225\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse15225\" aria-controls=\"collapse15225\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is a list of conventions ratified by India?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse15225\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1522\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-15225\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India has ratified the WIPO Convention, Paris Convention, Berne Convention, Marrakesh Treaty, and Patent Cooperation Treaty, among others.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> Explore the importance of International Treaties and Agreements, with a list of international treaties and conventions and those ratified by India. Learn how these agreements shape global cooperation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1520","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1520","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1520"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1520\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6475,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1520\/revisions\/6475"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1520"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1520"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1520"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}