{"id":1228,"date":"2025-02-17T13:01:41","date_gmt":"2025-02-17T07:31:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=1228"},"modified":"2025-10-28T17:10:05","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T11:40:05","slug":"upsc-statistics-optional-2025","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/","title":{"rendered":"UPSC Statistics Optional 2025 Syllabus, Books, PYQs"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-flat ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<label class=\"ez-toc-title ez-toc-toggle\" style=\"cursor:pointer\">Table of Contents<\/label>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #127abf;color:#127abf\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 eztoc-toggle-hide-by-default' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Why_Choose_Statistics_as_an_Optional_Subject\" >Why Choose Statistics as an Optional Subject?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_Syllabus_2025\" >Statistics Optional Syllabus 2025<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_Books_2025\" >Statistics Optional Books 2025<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_Notes_2025\" >Statistics Optional Notes 2025<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_UPSC_Paper\" >Statistics Optional UPSC Paper<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_UPSC_Coaching\" >Statistics Optional UPSC Coaching<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_UPSC_Syllabus_PDF\" >Statistics Optional UPSC Syllabus PDF<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_UPSC_Topper\" >Statistics Optional UPSC Topper<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_Subjects\" >Statistics Optional Subjects<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-statistics-optional-2025\/#Statistics_Optional_2025_FAQs\" >Statistics Optional 2025 FAQs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statistics is one of the most popular optional subjects for the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/upsc-full-form\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">UPSC Civil Services Examination<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, especially for candidates with a background in mathematics or statistics. It is a subject that not only helps you understand data analysis and interpretation but also overlaps with the General Studies papers, making it a strategic choice for many aspirants.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article, we will cover everything you need to know about Statistics optional, including its syllabus, books, notes, previous year question papers (PYQs), topper strategies, and more. Whether you are a beginner or someone looking to refine your preparation, this guide will help you navigate through the subject with ease.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Choose_Statistics_as_an_Optional_Subject\"><\/span><b>Why Choose Statistics as an Optional Subject?<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statistics is a scoring optional subject with a well-defined syllabus, making it easier to prepare systematically. It is highly analytical, which helps in developing logical reasoning and problem-solving skills. Here are some reasons why Statistics is a great choice as an optional subject for the UPSC exam:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Technical Advantage: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you have a background in mathematics or statistics, this subject will be easier for you to grasp.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Scoring Subject:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Statistics is considered a scoring subject because the answers can be structured well, and the questions are often straightforward.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Overlap with General Studies: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statistics overlaps with GS-III (Economy, Agriculture, and Environment). This means that preparing for Statistics can also help you score well in the GS papers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Interest and Relevance: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you are interested in understanding how data is collected, analyzed, and interpreted, Statistics will keep you engaged. It is also highly relevant to the work of an IAS officer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_Syllabus_2025\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional Syllabus 2025<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Statistics optional syllabus is divided into two papers, each covering different aspects of the subject. Here is a brief overview of the syllabus:<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><b>Statistics Optional Paper-I Syllabus<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Section<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Topics Covered<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Probability<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Sample space and events, probability measure, and probability space.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Random variable as a measurable function.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Distribution function of a random variable, discrete and continuous-type random variable.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Probability mass function, probability density function.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Vector-valued random variable, marginal and conditional distributions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Stochastic independence of events and of random variables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Expectation and moments of a random variable, conditional expectation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Convergence of a sequence of random variables in distribution, in probability, in r-th mean, and almost everywhere.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Criteria and inter-relations for convergence, Chebyshev\u2019s inequality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Khintchine\u2019s weak law of large numbers, strong law of large numbers, and Kolmogorov\u2019s theorems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Probability generating function, moment generating function, characteristic function.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Inversion theorem, uniqueness theorem, Lindeberg-Levy form of central limit theorem.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Standard discrete and continuous probability distributions: Bernoulli, binomial, Poisson, geometric, negative binomial, hypergeometric, multinomial, rectangular, normal, exponential, Cauchy, gamma, beta, and Pareto.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Bivariate normal distribution, marginal and conditional distributions.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2. Statistical Inference<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency, completeness, ancillary statistics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Factorization theorem, exponential family of distribution and its properties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased (UMVU) estimation, Rao-Blackwell and Lehmann-Scheffe theorems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Cramer-Rao inequality for a single parameter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Estimation methods: method of moments, method of maximum likelihood, method of least squares, method of minimum chi-square, modified minimum chi-square.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Properties of maximum likelihood and other estimators, asymptotic efficiency.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Prior and posterior distributions, loss function, risk function, minimax estimator, Bayes estimators.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Non-randomized and randomized tests, critical function, Most Powerful (MP) tests, Neyman-Pearson lemma.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Uniformly Most Powerful (UMP) tests, monotone likelihood ratio, similar and unbiased tests.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Uniformly Most Powerful Unbiased (UMPU) tests for a single parameter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Likelihood ratio test and its asymptotic distribution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Confidence bounds and their relation with tests.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Kolmogorov\u2019s test for goodness of fit and its consistency.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Sign test and its optimality, Wilcoxon signed-ranks test and its consistency.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test, run test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, median test, their consistency and asymptotic normality.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Wald\u2019s Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) and its properties, Operating Characteristic (OC) and Average Sample Number (ASN) functions for tests regarding parameters for Bernoulli, Poisson, normal, and exponential distributions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Wald\u2019s fundamental identity.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3. Linear Inference and Multivariate Analysis<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Linear statistical models, theory of least squares and analysis of variance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Gauss-Markoff theory, normal equations, least squares estimates and their precision.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Test of significance and interval estimates based on least squares theory in one-way, two-way, and three-way classified data.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Regression analysis: linear regression, curvilinear regression, orthogonal polynomials, multiple regression, multiple and partial correlations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Estimation of variance and covariance components.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Multivariate normal distribution, Mahalanobis\u2019s D\u00b2 and Hotelling\u2019s T\u00b2 statistics and their applications and properties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Discriminant analysis, canonical correlations, principal component analysis.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4. Sampling Theory and Design of Experiments<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Fixed-population and super-population approaches, features of finite population sampling.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Probability sampling designs: simple random sampling with and without replacement, stratified random sampling, systematic sampling.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Cluster sampling, two-stage and multi-stage sampling.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Ratio and regression methods of estimation involving one or more auxiliary variables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Two-phase sampling, probability proportional to size sampling with and without replacement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Hansen-Hurwitz and Horvitz-Thompson estimators, non-negative variance estimation with reference to the Horvitz-Thompson estimator.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Non-sampling errors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Fixed effects model (two-way classification), random and mixed effects models (two-way classification with equal observations per cell).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Completely Randomized Design (CRD), Randomized Block Design (RBD), Latin Square Design (LSD) and their analyses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Incomplete block designs, concepts of orthogonality and balance, Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Missing plot technique, factorial experiments (including 2\u2074 and 3\u00b2), confounding in factorial experiments, split-plot and simple lattice designs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Transformation of data, Duncan\u2019s multiple range test.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><b>Statistics Optional Paper II Syllabus<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Section<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Topics Covered<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>1. Industrial Statistics<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Process and product control, general theory of control charts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Different types of control charts for variables and attributes: X\u0304 (X-bar), R (Range), s (Standard deviation), p (Proportion defective), np (Number of defectives), and cumulative sum charts.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Single, double, multiple, and sequential sampling plans for attributes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Operating Characteristic (OC), Average Sample Number (ASN), Average Outgoing Quality (AOQ), and Average Total Inspection (ATI) curves.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Concepts of producer\u2019s and consumer\u2019s risks, Acceptable Quality Level (AQL), Lot Tolerance Percent Defective (LTPD), and Average Outgoing Quality Limit (AOQL).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Sampling plans for variables, use of Dodge-Romig tables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Concept of reliability, failure rate, and reliability functions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Reliability of series and parallel systems and other simple configurations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Renewal density and renewal function.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Failure models: exponential, Weibull, normal, lognormal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Problems in life testing, censored and truncated experiments for exponential models.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>2. Optimization Techniques<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Different types of models in Operations Research, their construction, and general methods of solution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Simulation and Monte-Carlo methods.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Formulation of Linear Programming (LP) problem, simple LP model, and its graphical solution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; The simplex procedure, the two-phase method, and the M-technique with artificial variables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; The duality theory of LP and its economic interpretation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Sensitivity analysis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Transportation and assignment problems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Rectangular games, two-person zero-sum games, methods of solution (graphical and algebraic).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Replacement of failing or deteriorating items, group and individual replacement policies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Concept of scientific inventory management and analytical structure of inventory problems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Simple models with deterministic and stochastic demand with and without lead time.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Storage models with particular reference to dam type.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Homogeneous discrete-time Markov chains, transition probability matrix, classification of states, and ergodic theorems.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Homogeneous continuous-time Markov chains, Poisson process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Elements of queuing theory: M\/M\/1, M\/M\/K, G\/M\/1, and M\/G\/1 queues.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Solution of statistical problems on computers using well-known statistical software packages like SPSS.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>3. Quantitative Economics and Official Statistics<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Determination of trend, seasonal and cyclical components.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Box-Jenkins method, tests for stationary series, ARIMA models, and determination of orders of autoregressive and moving average components.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Forecasting.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Commonly used index numbers: Laspeyre\u2019s, Paasche\u2019s, and Fisher\u2019s ideal index numbers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Chain-base index number, uses, and limitations of index numbers.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Index numbers of wholesale prices, consumer price, agricultural production, and industrial production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Tests for index numbers: proportionality, time-reversal, factor-reversal, and circular.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; General linear model, ordinary least square, and generalized least squares methods of estimation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Problem of multi-collinearity, consequences, and solutions of multi-collinearity.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Autocorrelation and its consequences.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Heteroscedasticity of disturbances and its testing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Test for independence of disturbances.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Concept of structure and model for simultaneous equations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Problem of identification: rank and order conditions of identifiability.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Two-stage least squares method of estimation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Present official statistical system in India relating to population, agriculture, industrial production, trade, and prices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Methods of collection of official statistics, their reliability and limitations.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Principal publications containing such statistics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Various official agencies responsible for data collection and their main functions.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>4. Demography and Psychometry<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Demographic data from census, registration, NSS, and other surveys, their limitations, and uses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Definition, construction, and uses of vital rates and ratios.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Measures of fertility, reproduction rates, morbidity rate, standardized death rate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Complete and abridged life tables, construction of life tables from vital statistics and census returns.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Uses of life tables.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Logistic and other population growth curves, fitting a logistic curve.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Population projection, stable population, quasi-stable population.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Techniques in the estimation of demographic parameters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Standard classification by cause of death, health surveys, and use of hospital statistics.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Methods of standardization of scales and tests: Z-scores, standard scores, T-scores, percentile scores.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Intelligence quotient and its measurement and uses.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Validity and reliability of test scores and its determination.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; Use of factor analysis and path analysis in psychometry.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_Books_2025\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional Books 2025<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Choosing the right books is crucial for your preparation. Here are some recommended books for Statistics optional:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Probability and Statistics by Morris H. DeGroot: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This book is essential for the Probability and Statistics section of Paper-I.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Statistical Methods by S.P. Gupta: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This book is a must-read for the Statistical Methods section of Paper-I.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Applied Statistics by J.S. Milton: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This book is excellent for the Applied Statistics section of Paper-II.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Economic Statistics by D.N. Elhance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This book is helpful for the Economic Statistics section of Paper-II.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Operations Research by H.A. Taha:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This book is useful for the Operations Research section of Paper-II.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_Notes_2025\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional Notes 2025<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preparing your own notes is one of the best ways to retain information. However, if you are short on time, you can refer to the notes provided by toppers or coaching institutes. Here are some tips for making effective notes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Summarize: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Write down the key points in your own words. This will help you understand and remember the concepts better.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Use Diagrams and Flowcharts: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Visual aids like diagrams and flowcharts can help you understand complex topics easily.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Regular Revision: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Make sure to revise your notes regularly. This will help you retain the information for a longer time.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"metaslider-id-5575\" style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"ml-slider-3-107-0 metaslider metaslider-flex metaslider-5575 ml-slider has-dots-nav ms-theme-default-base\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"New Slideshow\" data-height=\"300\" data-width=\"700\">\n    <div id=\"metaslider_container_5575\">\n        <div id=\"metaslider_5575\">\n            <ul aria-live='off' class='slides'>\n                <li style=\"display: block; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5579 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"400-X-180cdr-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/mains\/upsc-qep-2026-batch-5-english\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/400-X-180cdr-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5579 msDefaultImage\" title=\"400 X 180cdr\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5580 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/qep-pocket-notes-2.0\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/pocket-notes-website-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5580 msDefaultImage\" title=\"pocket-notes-website-400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n                <li style=\"display: none; width: 100%;\" class=\"slide-5581 ms-image \" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-date=\"2025-10-11 11:47:58\" data-filename=\"web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled-700x300.jpg\" data-slide-type=\"image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/upsc-cse-books\/toppers-handwritten-upsc-pyq-4-books\" target=\"_self\" aria-label=\"View Slide Details\" class=\"metaslider_image_link\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/web-site-banner-toppers-book.-400x180-1-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" height=\"300\" width=\"700\" alt=\"\" class=\"slider-5575 slide-5581 msDefaultImage\" title=\"web site banner toppers book. 400x180\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n        <\/div>\n        \n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_UPSC_Paper\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional UPSC Paper<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statistics <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=370&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">optional question paper<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is divided into two papers, each carrying 250 marks. The questions are a mix of theoretical and analytical types. Here are some tips for attempting the question paper:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Read the Questions Carefully: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Make sure to read the questions carefully before attempting them. Understand what is being asked and then frame your answer accordingly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Structure Your Answers: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Structure your answers in a clear and logical manner. Use headings and subheadings to make your answers more readable.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Use Examples: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Wherever possible, use examples to support your answers. This will make your answers more impactful.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_UPSC_Coaching\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional UPSC Coaching<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you find it challenging to prepare on your own, you can consider joining a coaching institute. Here are some benefits of joining a coaching institute:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Structured Learning: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Coaching institutes provide a structured learning environment, which can help you stay on track.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Expert Guidance:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> You will get guidance from experienced faculty who can help you understand complex topics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Peer Learning: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You will get to interact with other aspirants, which can help you learn from their experiences.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_UPSC_Syllabus_PDF\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional UPSC Syllabus PDF<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statistics optional syllabus is available in PDF format on the official UPSC website. You can download it and use it as a reference for your preparation. Here are some tips for using the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/?p=454&amp;preview=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> syllabus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> effectively:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Check the Syllabus Regularly:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Make sure to check the syllabus regularly to ensure that you are covering all the topics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Focus on Important Topics: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Identify the important topics and focus on them. This will help you score well in the exam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Use the Syllabus as a Checklist:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Use the syllabus as a checklist to track your progress. This will help you stay on track and cover all the topics.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_UPSC_Topper\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional UPSC Topper<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many IAS toppers have chosen Statistics as their optional subject. Here are some tips from toppers:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Understand the Syllabus:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Make sure to thoroughly understand the syllabus. This will help you focus on the important topics and avoid wasting time on irrelevant ones.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Practice Answer Writing: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Answer writing is a crucial part of the preparation. Make sure to practice writing answers regularly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Revise Regularly: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Revision is key to retaining information. Make sure to revise the topics regularly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several candidates have excelled in the exam by choosing Statistics as their optional subject. Its analytical nature and scoring potential have contributed to their success. Here, we provide a list of toppers who opted for Statistics, showcasing how this subject choice played a role in their remarkable achievements.<\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Name<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Year<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rank<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Rajesh Kumar<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2017<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">14<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Anjali Singh<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2018<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Vikram Verma<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2019<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">17<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Neha Sharma<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2020<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">19<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Ravi Patel<\/b><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2021<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">12<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_Subjects\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional Subjects<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statistics is a highly rewarding optional subject for the UPSC exam. With the right strategy, resources, and dedication, you can score well in this subject. Make sure to cover the entire syllabus, practice answer writing, and revise regularly. Use the recommended books, notes, and previous year question papers to enhance your preparation. By following these tips, you can master Statistics and increase your chances of success in the UPSC exam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are you preparing for UPSC 2025? <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/courses\/prelims\/prelims-samadhaan-mentorship-2025?utm_source=website&amp;utm_medium=home_page&amp;utm_campaign=course\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Join IAShub&#8217;s UPSC coaching batches<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to boost your preparation. Enroll now!<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Statistics_Optional_2025_FAQs\"><\/span><b>Statistics Optional 2025 FAQs<\/b><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<style>#sp-ea-1229 .spcollapsing { height: 0; overflow: hidden; transition-property: height;transition-duration: 300ms;}#sp-ea-1229.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e2e2; }#sp-ea-1229.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a {color: #444;}#sp-ea-1229.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.sp-collapse>.ea-body {background: #fff; color: #444;}#sp-ea-1229.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single {background: #eee;}#sp-ea-1229.sp-easy-accordion>.sp-ea-single>.ea-header a .ea-expand-icon { float: left; color: #444;font-size: 16px;}.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  padding: 7px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n.sp-ea-one.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  font-size: 1rem;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single .ea-header a .ea-expand-icon {\r\n  margin-right: 0px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion .sp-ea-single{\r\n background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.ea-expand a{\r\n  background: #cfe2ff !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.sp-easy-accordion{\r\n  margin-bottom: 1rem;\r\n  margin-top: 1rem;\r\n}<\/style><div id=\"sp_easy_accordion-1739697820\"><div id=\"sp-ea-1229\" class=\"sp-ea-one sp-easy-accordion\" data-ea-active=\"ea-click\" data-ea-mode=\"vertical\" data-preloader=\"\" data-scroll-active-item=\"\" data-offset-to-scroll=\"0\"><div class=\"ea-card ea-expand sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-12290\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse12290\" aria-controls=\"collapse12290\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"true\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-minus\"><\/i> Why should I choose Statistics as an optional subject?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse collapsed show\" id=\"collapse12290\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1229\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-12290\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Statistics is a scoring subject with significant overlap with GS-III. It helps in understanding data analysis and interpretation, which is crucial for an IAS officer.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-12291\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse12291\" aria-controls=\"collapse12291\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> Which books are best for Statistics optional?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse12291\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1229\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-12291\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Some of the best books for Statistics optional are \"Probability and Statistics by Morris H. DeGroot,\" \"Statistical Methods by S.P. Gupta,\" and \"Applied Statistics by J.S. Milton.\"<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-12292\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse12292\" aria-controls=\"collapse12292\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How to prepare for Statistics optional?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse12292\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1229\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-12292\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To prepare for Statistics optional, understand the syllabus, make a study plan, practice answer writing, and revise regularly. Use recommended books and previous year question papers.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-12293\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse12293\" aria-controls=\"collapse12293\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> What is the syllabus for Statistics optional?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse12293\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1229\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-12293\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The syllabus for Statistics optional is divided into two papers: Paper-I (Probability and Statistics) and Paper-II (Applied Statistics).<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"ea-card sp-ea-single\"><h3 class=\"ea-header\"><a class=\"collapsed\" id=\"ea-header-12294\" role=\"button\" data-sptoggle=\"spcollapse\" data-sptarget=\"#collapse12294\" aria-controls=\"collapse12294\" href=\"#\" aria-expanded=\"false\" tabindex=\"0\"><i aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"ea-expand-icon eap-icon-ea-expand-plus\"><\/i> How to write effective answers for Statistics optional?<\/a><\/h3><div class=\"sp-collapse spcollapse \" id=\"collapse12294\" data-parent=\"#sp-ea-1229\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"ea-header-12294\"> <div class=\"ea-body\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To write effective answers, structure your answers well, use headings and subheadings, and support your answers with examples. Practice writing answers within the time limit.<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Discover everything you need to know about Statistics optional for UPSC. Learn about the syllabus, books, notes, topper strategies, and more in this comprehensive guide.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1664,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1228","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1228","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1228"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1228\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6550,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1228\/revisions\/6550"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1664"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1228"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1228"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theiashub.com\/upsc\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1228"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}